1. Chapter 33: Independence in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East
AP World History
Ms. Sheets
University High School

2. Outcomes of Colonialism
European colonizers established arbitrary boundaries and often combined hostile ethnic/religious groups.
Under colonial rule, regional wars and famine had been much reduced due to European control.
Europeans had aided with eradication of disease, introduced improved medical treatment and helped purify water.
Now in newly-independent countries, regional wars and famine are not as well controlled.
Rivalries and civil wars consumed many resources that could have been devoted to economic development.
Additionally, population growth soars; this presents the largest challenge to stability in newly independent countries.

3. Neocolonial Economy
Newly independent nations often lacked complete resources and had challenges distributing those they did have.
Most post-colonial nations wanted to finish industrialization and began rapid economic development.
Neocolonial Economy: global economy dominated by industrialized and mostly Western nations
Most newly independent countries rely on the export of two or three cash crops and/or raw materials.
These products fluctuate in price  strain economies (this revenue is used to plan government projects).
Many of these countries rely on international organizations for assistance (World Bank; International Monetary Fund)

4. Parasitic Cities and Endangered Ecosystems
As populations increased in rural areas, mass migrations to urban areas occurred.
Little available land; few jobs in cities with heavy competition
Crime in cities increases
Slum areas (makeshift shelters) often seen in close proximity to large, wealthy urban areas.
Rural overpopulation has led to soil depletion and alarming rates of deforestation for livestock grazing and farming.
Many animals are endangered or extinct
Massive pollution of air and water

5. Gender Issues
In many African and Asian countries, there has been resistance to birth control efforts to control population growth.
Result of deeply entrenched social patterns, religious beliefs, and skepticism of Western influence
Africa: children are critical additions to the lineage.
In developing countries, a high percentage of the population (40% in some places) is under the age of 15.
Women’s suffrage, but little else, was often written into post-colonial constitutions.
Religious revivalism sometimes erodes women’s rights.
Male-centric customs and tradition often result in malnutrition in women and children.
Women saw increased educational and employment opportunities but early marriages expected; confine women.
Shariah law imposed in many Muslim countries.
Female politicians were often connected to powerful male politicians (Indira Gandhi)

6. What is a neocolonial economy?
Quick Review Question
What is a neocolonial economy?
Why are birth control methods often resisted in modern Africa and Asia?

7. The Emergence of New Nations in Africa

8. Kwame Nkrumah (1957-1966) 1957: Ghana achieves independence.
Kwame Nkrumah, Prime Minister of Ghana, was at first interested in social reform and economic uplift.
Problems emerge (decreasing demand for cocoa, rival political groups).
Nkrumah assumed dictatorial powers, brutally suppressed opposition, and created a form of African socialism.
Drove away Western investors that would have likely aided Ghana more
1966: Nkrumah journeys to communist Vietnam on a peace mission and was deposed by a military coup.
1972: Dies in exile in Guinea

9. South Africa and Apartheid
Apartheid: ensured monopoly of political power and economic dominance for white South Africans; began in 1948
Homelands (designated areas for ethnic groups) were created.
After 1980, South Africa was only white-ruled country in Sub-Saharan Africa
The African National Congress had pursued more aggressive methods (strikes, attacks on property); its leaders (incl. Nelson Mandela) were jailed and received life in prison.
President F.W. de Klerk pushed for reforms to begin dismantling apartheid.
Believed apartheid was hurting South Africa’s economy and global reputation
Many nations had restricted South African trade
Nelson Mandela was released in 1990
1994: All adult South Africans were given the right to vote  Nelson Mandela became the first black president of South Africa.
1993: Received Nobel Peace Prize

10. African Ethnic Conflicts
Central African conflicts were mainly ethnic conflicts.
Many considered genocide: target whole populations with goal of decreasing their numbers
Rwanda: Hutus (majority) and Tutsis (minority; in political power)
Congo (civil war)
Sudan (government forces and rebel groups)
Nigeria: Biafra secessionist movement
Violence frequently involves heavily armed children and rape.

11. African Nations vs. African Ethno-Linguistic Groups

12. What were homelands? How did the Apartheid begin to be dismantled?
Quick Review Question
What were homelands?
How did the Apartheid begin to be dismantled?

13. New Nations in South Asia Pakistan India Bangladesh

14. India’s Development
India has preserved civilian rule since UK independence (world’s largest democracy)
First led by Jawarharlal Nehru
Early Indian government pushed for modernization, secularization, and democratization; social/econ reforms
Technological improvements
Green Revolution: improve agricultural production by increasing crops through high-yield, disease-resistant chemically created crops; fertilizers, irrigation
Criticized for use of chemicals that cause cancer; also expensive
Silicon valleys: high tech sectors, with computer and Internet experts
Population growth offsets economic gains.
Tensions with Pakistan
Each began developing nuclear weapons
2008: Pakistani terrorists attack Mumbai
Increased concern over tensions in region

15. The Middle East in the Cold War Era

16. Egypt 1970: Anwar Sadat succeeded Nasser after death
After 1919 Egyptian Revolution, Britain withdraws by 1930s (exception: Suez Canal Zone).
1952: Khedive Farouk overthrown  1954: Gamal Abdul Nasser became nationalist leader
Suez Canal Crisis of 1956: Nasser (with US and USSR aid) end control of British in Suez Canal zone.
Restricted foreign investment to ensure Egypt’s economic independence  bold rejection of imperialist power
Nasser’s reforms failed because of population boom, and heavy costs of military excursions
1967: Six-Day War with Israel; Nasser defeated.
1970: Anwar Sadat succeeded Nasser after death
Yom Kippur War (or 1973 Arab-Israeli War): Egyptians and Syrians launched surprise attack on Israel on Yom Kippur (holiest day of the year for Jews)

17. Turkey
After WWI, mandate were established (inhabited by peoples believed to not yet be able to support themselves)
Both Italy and Greece tried to take land in Turkey
Met with resistance by Mustafa Kemal (aka Ataturk)
Created new Turkish republic in 1923
Secular nationalist state and restricted power of Islam
Abolished shariah law, polygamy, position of caliph
Replaced Arabic with Roman alphabet, Turks need to wear western clothes (no more veils)
Goal: adapt western technology and customs
While successful, his westernization was controversial, especially among devout Muslims who wanted a return to Islam

18. Iran’s 1979 Revolution and the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988)
Reza Shah Pahlavi, leader before the revolution, was disliked for overstepping traditions of political culture
Secularized Iran (courts used European law codes, extended votes to women, restricted polygamy, women can work)
People believed he had unjustly changed Iranian political traditions
Perceived as being totalitarian, not just authoritarian
Too much secularization
Ties to the West were questioned
1979 Revolution: overthrow of Pahlavi by Islamic fundamentalists
Ayatollahs (religious leaders) concerned by Pahlavi’s disinterest in strict Shi’a observance
Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini: new Shi’a ruler
Emphasized Islamic fundamentalism, religious revivalism and the elimination of “satanic” Western influences.
Imposed strict Islamic law (veiling of women); literal interpretations of texts

19. Quick Review Question What is the Green Revolution?
Describe Ayatollah Khomeini’s mindset towards the West.