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Physiological and Participatory Perspectives of Physical Activity

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Presentation on theme: "Physiological and Participatory Perspectives of Physical Activity"— Presentation transcript:

1 Physiological and Participatory Perspectives of Physical Activity
Unit 3 Physiological and Participatory Perspectives of Physical Activity

2 Chapter 1 National Physical Activity Guidelines & Methods of Assessing Physical Activity Text Sources Nelson Physical Education VCE Units 3&4: 4th Edition – Malpeli, Horton, Davey and Telford 2006. 2. Live It Up 2: 2nd Edition – Smyth, Brown, Judge, McCallum and Pritchard 2006.

3 Need for and Benefits of Physical Activity
National Physical Activity Guidelines & Methods of Assessing Physical Activity

4 The Need for Physical Activity
Physical activity can be defined as ‘any body movement produced by the skeletal muscles that results in expenditure of energy’. Technology has lessened the need for human movement. It is now much easier to live, work and play as a result of technology. However, this reliance has made Australians more sedentary. Human movement is essential for the health and maintenance of our bodies. Sedentary lifestyles account for an estimated 1/3 of all deaths. The most common deaths include heart disease, colon cancer and diabetes. 30 minutes a day of activity has a range of health and social benefits.

5 Benefits of Physical Activity
On average, every minute of walking can extend your life by one and a half to two minutes A brisk walk can burn up to 300 calories per hour Physical activity increases your circulation Boosts energy levels and enhances your mood Decrease your risk of many health problems including cardiovascular disease, type II diabetes, some forms of cancer and mental health conditions. Improves your balance and flexibility Increase muscle and bone strength Physical activity helps maintain weight control Improve health outcomes for people who are overweight or obese Assist in managing diseases (heart disease, diabetes) Increase the ability of people with certain chronic, disabling conditions to perform activities of daily living

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9 Benefits of Physical Activity

10 Costs of physical inactivity
$400m per year( mid 1990’s costs) 8000 deaths per year $1.3m obesity related illness 6% of total disease burden in males and 8% in females.

11 National Physical Activity Guidelines
National Physical Activity Guidelines & Methods of Assessing Physical Activity

12 National Physical Activity Guidelines
The Australian Department of Health and Ageing has produced a set of guidelines on the minimum levels of physical activity required for optimum health and body weight. They are not designed for high-level fitness or sports training, but are intended to provide realistic strategies for incorporating physical activity into our daily lives.

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20 Domains of Physical Activity
Domains Examples Leisure-time physical activity Various types of activity; different surveys use generic or activity specific questions, and may ask details of activity frequency, duration and intensity. Gardening and yard work Various definitions, of varied intensities; may range from light-intensity gardening to vigorous chores or digging/moving heavy objects. Household chores Heterogeneous set of tasks; large gender differences; energy expenditure across tasks not well understood. Active transport Walking or cycling for transportation. Occupational physical activity Diverse occupations, with changes in energy expended in many occupations over recent decades.

21 Dimensions of the National Physical Activity Guidelines
F = frequency (how often) I = intensity (amount of energy used) D = duration (how long) T = type (specific behaviours – what activity) Exercise intensities MET (Metabolic equivalent) is used to measure the amount of oxygen used by the body during physical activity Rest 1MET Moderate activity 3MET eg brisk walking Vigorous activity 6+ eg jogging

22 Age & Training Principles
Group Frequency Intensity Duration Type of Activity Child & Youth 7 days Moderate to Vigorous 60 min+ Weight bearing / impact Adult Minimum of 5 days Moderate 30 min All types Obese 7 Low-moderate 60 min Aerobic

23 Physical Activity Pyramid
National Physical Activity Guidelines & Methods of Assessing Physical Activity

24 Physical Activity Pyramid & Ladder
Educates people about the types of activities required to enhance fitness, health and wellbeing. People need to participate in all activities in all levels. Like the healthy eating food pyramid, the bottom of the pyramid is activities that we should participate in the most, were as the top is the least. Fitness ladder

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26 How Active are Australians?
National Physical Activity Guidelines & Methods of Assessing Physical Activity

27 How Active are We? Over 6.5 million Australians are active participants in sports 60% of men and 53% of women successfully achieve the recommended time and frequency to enjoy the benefits of physical activity However, frequency has declined since 1997. 62% of children participate in sport outside of school hours. 20-25% of children and adolescents are overweight. Fewer older people were involved in sport than younger people Just of 50% of those aged were active participants

28 Adult Participation p.9 57% of adults engage in sufficient physical activity for health benefits. However adult male participation is decreasing. Tertiary educated adults more active. Retiree participation rates are increasing due to recent health awareness programs.

29 Adolescent Participation
National Health Survey Findings 23% of adolescents don’t regularly participate in physical activity. Only one-third of adolescents participate in vigorous activity. Males more active than females. Adolescents are significantly more active during warmer months of the year

30 Children Participation
ABS findings 62% of children participate in organised sport. Boys had a higher participation than girls. Peak participation between years of age. Soccer is the most popular boys sport and netball for girls. Accelerometer findings 5-6 year old children average four hours of physical activity per day. 10-12 year olds only average 10 minutes.

31 Age and Gender

32 Sport Participation Rates

33 Organised Activities

34 Barriers to Participation
Gender - Greater proportions of males participate in sport and physical activity than females. Females generally have less opportunity and less access to sporting activities. Socioeconomic Status – Well educated white collar workers are the most physically active Australians. Income – People with higher incomes can participate in a wider variety of activities and more often. Race – People born in Australia are more active than those who were not. Race is often used as a form of discrimination, thus reducing participation. Geographic Location – Where you live can limit access to facilities and specific sports

35 Barriers to Participation
Other Barriers Lack of time due to other commitments Lack of fun and enjoyment Lack of self-motivation Low self-efficacy Injury Lack of self-management skills Lack of encouragement and support Poor coaching Negative environmental factors

36 Barriers to Participation

37 Measuring levels of Physical Activity
National Physical Activity Guidelines & Methods of Assessing Physical Activity

38 Measuring Physical Activity among Individuals and Populations
Measuring the amount of physical activity is a complex procedure. Information collected needs to address the types of activities, frequency, intensity and duration. Physical activity covers many domains. Why measure our levels of activity? Document how active our population is Gives feedback on government health programs An active nation is a healthy nation Study the factors that influence our participation

39 Methods of Measuring Physical Activity

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41 Dimensions of Physical Activity
Frequency – Number of times a person engages in an activity Duration – Length of time engaged in an activity Intensity – How hard an activity is Type – Domains Context – Where you are, when, who with etc. Energy – Measured in METs Expense – Cost in dollars Reactivity – How much the measure biases towards the result.

42 METS, Time and Intensity

43 Subjective Measures Examples of subjective (remembering physical activity done) are self-reported recall measures, diaries and logs. Eg. Active Australia Survey Strengths Weaknesses Assess multiple domains Can be quickly administered to large groups Low reliability and validity Social biases in answers given Poor recall skills in children

44 The Active Australia Survey

45 Objective Measures Direct Observation
Direct Observation – Involves watching people and noting specific behaviours and activities they are participating in. Commonly used on children while playing. Advantages Quantitative and qualitative information Behaviour observed Wider variety of information gained Software available Used in school and community settings Disadvantages Difficult with large populations Obtrusive and time consuming Can cause bias

46 Physical Activity logs/diaries
Disadvantages Advantages

47 Objective Measures - SOPLAY
System of Observing Play and Leisure in Youth (SOPLAY) Used to asses groups of people (Commonly school settings). Uses a time-sampling technique in a given target area.

48 Measurement Options – Direct Observation
Disadvantages Advantages

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50 Objective Measures – SOFIT and BEACHES
SOFIT (System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time) Measures physical activity during PE classes Content and behaviour is observed (See graph) BEACHES (Behaviours of Eating Activity for Children’s Health Evaluation System) Measures children’ eating and physical activity patterns at home and at school.

51 Measurement Options – Direct Observation

52 Objective Measures HR Monitors
HR monitors measure our hearts response to exercise intensity and energy expenditure. HR is very useful in the laboratory and in sports training. Is unobtrusive and gives quick data collection. However, HR is not influenced by intensity alone. There is also a lag between HR change and intensity.

53 Measurement Options – HR monitors
Disadvantages Advantages

54 Objective Measures - Pedometers
Advantages Low cost & non-invasive Easy to use motion sensor Determine distance travelled on foot Newer models also measure energy expended and time. 10,000 steps a day is recommended. Heart foundation planner Disadvantages Assess only hip movement Can’t store data Unable to record magnitude of the movement Not useful when comparing different age groups Energy expenditure based on adult results only. Laboratory 1.9 & 1.10 p.31

55 Measurement Options - Pedometers
Advantages Disadvantages

56 Measurement Options - Accelerometers
Advantages Disadvantages

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58 Objective Measures Doubly Labelled Water
p.35 DLW – Used to accurately measure total energy expenditure in field settings. A person is given a known sample of two isotopes (Deuterium and oxygen-18) and a urine sample is given. A fortnight later, another urine sample is given and the level of isotopes is recorded. The greater the difference in isotopic concentrations, the greater the energy expenditure. The method is based on two stable isotopes (naturally occurring compounds) of water found in the body: 2H2O (deuterium-labelled water). Is lost from the normal body routes via sweat, urine, evaporative losses. H218O (oxygen-18 labelled water) Is lost at a slightly faster rate because in addition to the normal routes of loss it also lost via carbon dioxide production. The difference between the two isotopes is the rate of carbon dioxide production. The subject is given a dose of the two isotopes orally. The new levels are then measured via a urine sample. The person then returns to normal living for 7-14 days. Then returns to the lab where a final urine test is performed and the difference between the two isotopes is established. Hence the rate of carbon dioxide production is determined.

59 Doubly labelled Water Advantages Unobtrusive and non invasive.
Accurately measures total energy expenditure related to physical activity over a one or two week period. Allows for the calculation of VO2 Can be used with any age group. Disadvantages Extremely expensive, around $2000 per person per test. Doesn’t provide any information relating to activity type, frequency, intensity or duration. Doesn’t provide any contextual information (settings where someone is being active) about the physical activity behaviour of an individual.

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61 Web Links – Chapter 1 Australian government physical activity recommendations for children and young people: Children’s leisure activities report (Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research – Deakin University): Australian Sports Commission: VicHealth (The Victorian Health Promotion Foundation): Physical Activity Resources for Health Professionals – Introduction (Centre for disease control and prevention (USA): Strategic Inter-Governmental Forum on Physical Activity and Health (SIGPAH): Sport and Recreation Australia: Australian Sports Commission: Find 30 promotion (Government of WA Department of Health): Walking School Bus promotion (UK): Ministry of Health (New Zealand) toolkits: The 10,000 Steps Rockhampton project: Travelsmart Australia: World Health Organisation: Heart Foundation Australia: VicHealth (The Victorian Health Promotion Foundation): Be Active promotion (Government of South Australia): Go For Your Life: Physical Activity Resources for Health Professionals – Introduction (Centre for disease control and prevention – USA): Health Promotion (Public Health Agency of Canada): Strategic Inter-Governmental Forum on Physical Activity and Health (SIGPAH): Healthy youth (Centre for disease control and prevention (USA): America On The Move promotion: Papers from the International Journal of Behavioural Nutrition and Physical Activity: Department of health and aging (Australian government): Building a healthy, active Australia (Australian government): National Public Health Partnership: Sport and Recreation Australia:


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