1. The mandible It’s the bone of lower jaw.
ramus of mandible
angle of mandible
Body of mandible
It’s the bone of lower jaw.
It’s the most inferior structure in the skull anterior view.
It consists of:
the body of mandible anteriorly.
the ramus of mandible posteriorly.
These meet posteriorly at the angle of mandible.

2. The mandible The mental protuberance is a projection at middline
Mental foramen
Oblique ridge
The mental protuberance is a projection at middline
where the two sides of the mandible meet.
On each side mental foramen is visible, passing through it
mental nerve & vessels.
There is also oblique ridge for muscle attachment

3. The mandible On lateral view the superior part of the ramus extends
Coronoid process
Condylar process
On lateral view the superior part of the ramus extends
upwards to form a condylar and coronoid process .
The condylar process is involved in articulation of the
mandible with the temporal bone.
The coronoid process is the point of attachment for the
temporalis muscle

4. Fossa for submandibular
The mandible
Mylohyoid
ridge
Fossa for submandibular
gland
Fossa for sublingual
gland
On medial surface of mandible body:
Submandibular fossa for submandibular S. gland
Sublingual fossa for sublingual S. gland
Mylohyoid ridge for mylohyoid muscle attachment.

5. Cervical vertebrae The seven cervical vertebrae form the
bony framework of the neck. .

6. Cervical vrtebrae Typical Cervical vertebrae are characterized by:
Small bodies.
Bifid small spinous processes.
Transverse processes that contain a foramen (foramen
transversarium).
Large triangular vertebral foramen.
Superior articular processes facing backward & upward.
Inferior articular processes facing forward & downward.

7. Cervical vrtebrae Together the foramina transversarium form a
longitudinal passage on each side of
the cervical spine for vertebral blood
vessels (artery and veins) passing
between the base of the neck and
the cranial cavity.

8. Cervical vrtebrae Atypical Cervical vertebrae :
The upper two cervical vertebrae (CI and CII) are modified
for moving the head.
The first cervical vrtebra (atlas):
It has neither body or spinous process .
It has anterior arch, posterior arch & a lateral mass on
each side.
Each lateral mass has articular surfaces on its upper &
lower aspects.

9. Atlas articulating with Axis
Cervical vrtebrae
Atlas articulating with Axis
The atlas artigulates superiorly with skull occipital condyles
& inferiorly with the axis.
The second cervical vrtebra (axis):
It has odontoid process (dens) which projects upward
from the superior surface of body.
The seventh cervical vrtebra has long & not bifid spine