1. CELL STRUCTURE &
FUNCTION
A REVIEW

2. CELL THEORY 1. All living organisms are made of one or more cells.
The cell is the basic organizational unit of life.
All cells come from pre-existing cells. 2. 3.
Why study cells?
them?
Haven’t we already learned about •
Most diseases/disorders can be explained due to
a default at the cellular level.

3. CELL STRUCTURE OVERVIEW Common Features:  Cell membrane  Nucleus
 Cytoplasm

4. TYPES OF CELLS • Control center of the cell Animal Cells Bacteria
Cyanobacteria
Plant
Cells

5. GENERALIZED EUKARYOTIC CELL

6. WHY DIFFERENT?
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic (ex.
Eukaryotic (ex. animal)

7. CELL SIZE increases, volume increases much more rapidly.
• Most cells are relatively small because as size
increases, volume increases much more rapidly.
– longer diffusion time

8. ANIMAL
CELLS

9. PLANT
CELLS

10. COMPLETE THE TABLE Organelle Structure/ Location Function Plant &/or
Animal Cell
The
following organelles should
be in
the
above table:
Plasma/cell membrane
Cell wall
Cytoplasm (cytosol and organelles) Nucleus
Nucleoplasm and Nucleolus Rough endoplasmic reticulum Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Golgi bodies/complex
Ribosomes
Mitochondria Chloroplasts Lysosomes Vacuoles Vesicle

11. CELL WALL Structure Function
Found in plants, as well as some bacteria, protists, and
fungi
Structure
•Thicker, stronger, and more rigid than cell membranes
•Capable of supporting large plants
•Made up of tiny fibers of cellulose
•Perforated with many pores
(e.g., tall trees)
Function
• Protects cell from rupturing
• Allows cell to exchange material communicate with other cells
with environment
and to

12. CELL WALL

13. • Nuclear membrane surrounds nucleus
• Contains genetic material (DNA)
• Directs activities of the cell
• Usually single, some cells several, none
RBC
• Nuclear membrane surrounds nucleus
• Nuclear pores – controls the movement molecules in and out of the nucleus
– Nucleolus
 found inside nucleus
 makes ribosomes of

14. NUCLEUS

15. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
• Transports molecules throughout the cell
• Made of membranes that act as channels or passageways

16. GOLGI APPARATUS (also called Golgi “body”) for transport
 Packages proteins and other molecules
for transport
 Does this by membranes
out of the cell
surrounding the protein with and puts the proteins in a
“vesicle” (tiny vacuole)

18. ORGANELLES MADE OF JUST A
MEMBRANE
– Vesicles – transport materials out of the cell
or transports and stores materials inside the cell
– Lysosomes
containing
- membrane-bound vesicles
digestive enzymes
– Vacuoles -
contain water and other
materials; used for storage
 plant cells have usually 1 large vacuole
 animal cells have several small vacuoles

19. Cytoplasm Extracellular fluid Endoplasmic reticulum Phagocytosis Golgi
Food
vesicle
apparatus
Lysosomes
Transport vesicle
Old or damaged organelle
Plasma membrane
Digestion of phagocytized food particles or cells
Breakdown of old organelle
Extracellular fluid

20. RIBOSOMES – Make proteins
– Some ribosomes float around in the cytoplasm while others are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

21. glucose + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water + energy
MITOCHONDRIA
• Releases energy from glucose (cellular respiration)
glucose + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water + energy
• Structure - outer and inner membranes, (folds called cristae)
• Have their own DNA

22. carbon dioxide + water  glucose + oxygen
CHLOROPLASTS
•Traps energy from the sun to make glucose in
photosynthesis:
carbon dioxide + water  glucose + oxygen
• Grana – closed compartments of stacked membranes
•Thylakoids – disc shaped structure – light capturing pigment
• Stroma – fluid matrix

23. CYTOSKELETON cell shape and anchoring organelles microtubules
• Network of protein fibers supporting
cell
shape
and anchoring organelles
– Actin filaments
Microtubules
 cell movement
– Microtubules
 Hollow tubes
Intermediate
filaments
 Facilitate cell movement
 Centrioles – barrel shaped
 organelles occur in pairs –
 help assemble animal cell’s
– Intermediate filaments
 Stable - don’t break down
microtubules
Actin

24. CYTOSKELETON

25. CYTOPLASM
•Includes the cytosol (liquid), organelles and dissolved sugars, etc. within the cell membrane
•Every chemical reaction takes place within the cytoplasm

26. REVIEW GAME
How Fast Can You Label the Animal Cell?

27. REVIEW GAME
How About the Plant Cell?