1. HST -1
Respiratory System

2. Functions of the Respiratory System
Brings oxygen into body and carbon dioxide out of body
Exchange gases between blood and lungs
Regulate body temp by cooling or warming blood
Produces audio sounds

3. Structures of the Respiratory System

4. Nasal Cavity Filters out foreign particles Warms and moistens air
Sense of smell

5. Functions of the Respiratory System
Tears drain into nose to provide additional moisture

6. Sinuses Air filled cavity lined with mucous membrane
Regulates temperature of air before reaches lungs
Help give resonance to voice

7. Pharynx Back of throat Subdivisions:
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
laryngopharynx
Contain opening of Eustachian tube
Branches into trachea and esophagus

8. Larynx AKA: Voice box Below pharynx-two folds of cartilage Epiglottis
Covers larynx during swallowing
Prevent food and liquid from entering lungs

9. Trachea AKA: Windpipe Extending from larynx to center of chest
Lined with C-shaped cartilage to deep passageway open
Dorsal surface smooth muscle

10. Bronchi Two major branches of trachea into lungs
Lined with cilia and mucus to catch foreign material
Branches into smaller bronchioles

11. Alveoli Air sacs at terminal ends of bronchioles
Surrounded by capillaries where exchange of oxygen/carbon dioxide occurs by diffusion

12. Lungs Divided into sections called lobes Right lung Three lobes
Left lung
Two lobes
Surrounded by double membrane (pleura) which separates and lubricates lung tissue
Separated by mediastinum

13. Diaphragm
Large, flat muscle separating thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity
Contraction causes inhalation, relaxation causes exhalation

14. Process of
Respiration

15. Types of Respiration
External respiration (ventilation): brings O2 into lungs
Internal respirations: exchange O2 & CO2 between blood & body cells
Cellular respiration: changes acid produced during metabolism into harmless chemicals in the cells.

16. Process of Respiration
Occurs in two phases
Inspiration and expiration

17. Process of Respiration
Inspiration or inhalation
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract and enlarge thoracic cavity
Creates a vacuum causing air to rush in

18. Process of Respiration
Expiration or exhalation
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax
Air forced out of lungs and air passages

19. Process of Respiration
Process controlled in brain
Increase in CO2 causes increased rate of respirations
Usually involuntary, but can be controlled

20. Pop Quiz Define bronchitis
A COPD where alveoli lose elasticity usually due to smoking.
An acute respiratory disorder usually caused by a viral infection of the nose, pharynx, and/or larynx
This form of Respiratory Distress Syndrome occurs in infants less than one year old and is usually cannot be explained.
Pathogenic lung infection with sputum production.
Genetic disorder results in overproduction of mucus
Difficult or painful breathing.
The leading cause of death in preemies.
Bronchi narrow and spasm causing wheezing.

21. Assessment Techniques
Lung Function
Assessment Techniques

22. Assessment Techniques
Rate: # of breaths per minute
Normals:
Adults:
Children: >20
Types of respirations:
Eupnea: normal respiration
Dyspnea: painful or difficult
Bradypnea: <10
Tachypnea: >24
Apnea: no respiration; rapid series then pause

23. Assessment Techniques
Character:
Should have regular rhythm at regular intervals
Described as:
Regular/ Irregular
Dry/Wet
Deep/Shallow

24. Assessment Techniques
Character (cont)
Normal breath sounds:
Dry
Clear
Abnormal breath sounds:
Wheezing
Rales (mucus in trachea)

25. Lung Function Testing Tidal volume Inspiratory reserve volume
Amount of air taken in during normal breathing
Normal: ml
Inspiratory reserve volume
Amount of air that may be taken in by lungs when taking deep breath
Normal: 2-3L

26. Lung Function Testing Expiratory Reserve Volume
Amount of air that can be forced out of lungs after exhaling normally
Normal about L

27. Lung Function Testing Residual volume Vital Capacity
Amount air remaining after as much air as possible can be expelled to keep lungs inflated
Normal: ml
Vital Capacity
Total capacity of lungs except for residual volume
Normals:3-5L

28. Lung Function Chart Test Normals Your Results Vital Capacity
(from notes)
Your Results
Norm?
High? Low?
Why?
Vital Capacity
Expiratory Reserve
Tidal Volume
Inspiratory Capacity

29. Disorders of
Respiratory System

30. COPD-Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
A group of chronic respiratory disorders
Asthma
Chronic bronchitis
Emphysyma
Cystic fibrosis
Symptoms:
Shortness of breath
Dyspnea
Tissue hyperplasia

31. Asthma Causes: Symptoms: Treatment:
Allergic Rx or cells in airway trigger attack
Cold temps
Exercise
Strong emotion
Symptoms:
Bronchi narrow and spasm
Wheezing
Difficulty exhaling
Treatment:
Relaxation
Medication

32. Chronic Bronchitis Causes: Symptoms: Treatment: Infection of bronchi
Inflammation of bronchi
Heavy cough
Sputum production
Treatment:
Expectorants
Postural drainage

33. Emphysema Causes: Symptoms: Treatment: Mostly from smoking
Alveoli lose elasticity >50 YO
Dyspnea
Treatment:
Pursed lip breathing
Constant O2

34. Cystic Fibrosis Causes: Symptoms: Treament: Genetic disorder
Dx by 6 months
Symptoms:
Mucus becomes thicker
Excess salt appears on skin
Treament:
No cure
Intensive pulmonary care

35. Upper Respiratory Infection
Cause:
virus or bacteria in nose, pharynx, and/or larynx
Symptoms:
Pharyngitis
Laryngitis
Difficulty swallowing
Swollen tonsils & lymph nodes
Treatment:
Palliative care

36. Pneumonia Causes: Symptoms: Treatment:
Infection of the lungs by pathogens
Chemical irritants
Symptoms:
Inflammation of the lungs
Buildup of excessive moisture/mucus
Dyspnea
Treatment:
Antibiotics
Meds to decrease moisture

37. Respiratory Distress Syndrome
When alveoli do not inflate properly
Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS):
Results from inhaling foreign substances causing swelling of tissues
Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome (IRDS):
Leading cause of death of preemies
Use of surfactants to develop lungs
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS):
Unexplained, sudden death of infant < 1 year
Runs in families
Use of heart and respiratory monitors

38. The End