1. Karyotyping  

2. appearance of chromosomes.
What is it?
Karyotypes are images 
showing the number and 
appearance of chromosomes.

3. The Process http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gqWscBELvjg
Stains adhere to chromosomes
which are separated into chromosomes and then paired.

4. Why? Chromosomes can be used to detect genetic defects
or the sex of offspring.

5. Diseases Karyotypes detect "aneuploidies,"
abnormalities from chromosomes, like
Down's syndrome, Trisomy 18, and Turner syndrome.

6. Knowledge of predisposition
Advantages
Knowledge of predisposition
to certain diseases and conditions. Better knowledge for parents of children.

7. Disadvantages
Against religious ideas, expensive, knowledge of predisposition, tough ethical
and moral decisions.

8. By: Neeraj Suresh

9. •Amniotic fluid is removed from the uterus to check for birth defects

10. This fluid contains fetal cells and various chemicals produced by the baby.

11. Down syndrome
Cystic Fibrosis
Sickle cell anemia
Tay-Sachs

12. The fluid is being taken out of the uterus
Ultrasound image of the procedure

13. Amniocentesis is usually done after the fifteenth week of pregnancy

14. Family history of a genetic disorder
Chromosomal abnormality in a previous pregnancy
Age 35+

15. Needle injury
Cramping/Vaginal bleeding
Miscarriage(about 0.25% chance)
Amniotic fluid leaking
Infection
99.4% success rate

16. Ultrasounds
Quick, affordable, portable and non-invasive

17. Ultrasound  Wavelength of sound that goes above the frequency of the human ear.

18. "Sounds You Can See" Sound penetrates through a medium .
The reflected sound is measured and created into a picture.

19. Examines.... - Urology - Cardiology
- Obstetrics and Gynecology      - detects problems and general info of fetus

20. Cons
Hard to interpret Image information is limited Cannot read through tissues and gas (e.g. lungs)
What is this? 

21. Ultrasounds.... Can detect symptoms early Safe and used for all ages
Quick Carotid Artery Ultrasound -