1. OK everyone get ready to learn a new vocabulary term.

2. Mutations, adaptations, and extinction
In this video we talk about mutations.

3. Before we define the term mutation, let’s review some other words that you already learned, and make sure you are firm in your understanding.

4. Inheritable
Remember that parents’ hereditary material gives traits—such as eye color, hair color, blood type, or height—to their offspring, or children.
Humans have hereditary traits. So do animals, plants, and other organisms.

5. DNA: The hereditary material in
almost all organisms
Also, remember that DNA is the hereditary material in all organisms.

6. Genes: Parts of DNA that carry information that determines your traits
And genes are the parts of DNA that carry the information that determines your traits—such as hair color, height, baldness, and blood type.

7. Now let’s pause for a moment to review the information we have covered already.

8. What does inheritable mean?
A trait that is received by choice
A trait that is received by hard work
A trait that is received by genes
A trait that is received by the environment
What does inheritable mean?

9. What does inheritable mean?
A trait that is received by choice
A trait that is received by hard work
A trait that is received by genes
A trait that is received by the environment
C. A trait that is received by genes.

10. Mutation
Now, Let’s define mutation.

11. A permanent change in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene
Mutation:
A permanent change in the DNA
sequence that makes up a gene
A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene

12. That is the basic definition, but there is a bit more you need to know.

13. Mutations are caused by unrepaired damage to DNA or problems when DNA makes a copy of, or replicates, itself.

14. Explicit cue to signal examples of term
Let’s look at some examples mutations.

15. Beneficial Neutral Harmful
Mutation
Beneficial Neutral Harmful
Improved Ability
to Survive!
A mutation can be beneficial and improve an organism’s ability to survive in its environment…

16. An example of a beneficial mutation is a special type of tomato plant that can survive with less water.
This is a beneficial mutation because the plant is able to survive in a drought.

17. Another example of a beneficial mutation is that bacterium can have a mutation that makes it resistant to an antibiotic.
This is a beneficial mutation because it helps bacterium survive and pass on its resistant genes.

18. Beneficial Neutral Harmful
Mutation
Beneficial Neutral Harmful
A mutation can also be harmful and hurt the species’ chance of survival…

19. An example of a harmful mutation is cancer.
Cancer in humans is caused by mutations in the genes.
These mutations are harmful because cancer makes someone sick and does not help people survive.

20. Beneficial Neutral Harmful
Mutation
Beneficial Neutral Harmful
Mutations can be neutral and have no effect at all.

21. There is a mutation that causes an animal to have two different colored eyes.
This is a neutral mutation because it does not help a species survive but it also does not harm the species’ chance of survival--it has no effect.

22. NON
Let’s talk about some non-examples of mutations. These are things that might seem similar but do not fit the definition of mutations.

23. Injuries are NOT Mutations
A non example is an injury like a broken nose or a broken arm. Even though they change an organisms body, they are not a mutation because it is not the result of a change in DNA.

24. Dying your hair is NOT a mutation
A non example is dying your hair. Even though this changes an organisms hair color, this are not a mutation because it is not the result of a change in DNA.

25. Let’s review what we have learned one more time.

26. What is a mutation? A permanent change in the DNA sequence
that makes up a gene
B. A change in physical features such as a
broken bone
C. A change in an organism that only helps
improve its survival chances
D. A change in an organism that has no effect on
its chances of survival
What is a mutation?

27. What is a mutation? A permanent change in the DNA sequence
that makes up a gene
B. A change in physical features such as a
broken bone
C. A change in an organism that only helps
improve its survival chances
D. A change in an organism that has no effect on
its chances of survival
A. A permanent change in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene

28. Which of the following is NOT a type of mutation?
Resistance to medicine
Different colored eyes
Cancer
Broken arm
Which of the following is not a type of mutation?

29. Which of the following is NOT a type of mutation?
Resistance to medicine
Different colored eyes
Cancer
Broken arm
D. Broken arm

30. Adaptation
Now, Let’s define adaptation.

31. Adaptation
A change or characteristic that helps an organism survive in its environment

32. (Can be in response to biotic or abiotic factors)
Adaptation
(Can be in response to biotic or abiotic factors)

33. Explicit cue to review examples of adaptations
Now, let’s talk about some examples of adaptations.

34. YES
Water conservation

35. YES
White fur and large feet

36. NON
Let’s talk about some non-examples of adaptation. .

37. NO A banana ripening is not an adaptation
Does not help the banana survive

38. Let’s review what we have learned.

39. What is an adaptation?

40. How is an adaptation the same as/different than a mutation?

41. What is an adaptation?
A. A change or characteristic that helps an organism survive in its environment
B. A change in physical features such as a
hair cut
C. A change in an organism that only helps
improve its survival chances
D. A change in an organism that has no effect on its chances of survival
What is a mutation?

42. What is an adaptation?
A. A change or characteristic that helps an organism survive in its environment
B. A change in physical features such as a
hair cut
C. A change in an organism that only helps
improve its survival chances
D. A change in an organism that has no effect on its chances of survival
What is a mutation?

43. Extinction
Now, Let’s define extinction.

44. Occurs when every individual of a species has died
Extinction
Occurs when every individual of a species has died

45. Now, let’s talk about some examples of extinction.

46. YES
(Died during ice age)
Woolly Mammoth

47. YES
Dodo bird
Dodo bird

48. NON
Let’s talk about some non-examples of adaptation. .

49. NO
These are still living

50. Let’s review what we have learned one more time.

51. Term Meaning Mutation Adaptation Extinction
A permanent change in the DNA
sequence that makes up a gene
Adaptation
A change or characteristic that helps an organism survive in its environment
Extinction
Occurs when every individual of a species has died
Summary

52. Questions

53. What must a mutation result in? A change in an organisms’ body
A change in the DNA of an organism
A change in the ability of an organism to
survive
None of the above
What must a mutation result in?

54. What must a mutation result in? A change in an organisms’ body
A change in the DNA of an organism
A change in the ability of an organism to
survive
None of the above
B. A change in the DNA of an organism

55. Mutations can be --
Harmful
Beneficial
Neutral
All of the above D

56. Beneficial Neutral Harmful
Mutations can be --
Harmful
Beneficial
Neutral
All of the above
Mutation
Beneficial Neutral Harmful D

57. Sea anemones are poisonous, but clownfish have developed a layer of mucus that protects them from the stinging cells. The mucus is best described as ---
An adaptation
A relationship
An energy requirement
A social hierarchy
A mutation
An adaptation
A relationship
An energy requirement
A social hierarchy
Mutation
Taken from Practice Test (item #1)

58. Sea anemones are poisonous, but clownfish have developed a layer of mucus that protects them from the stinging cells. The mucus is best described as ---
An adaptation
A relationship
An energy requirement
A social hierarchy
A mutation
An adaptation
A relationship
An energy requirement
A social hierarchy
Mutation
Taken from Practice Test (item #1)

59. If a species becomes extinct, that means ---
All of its members are still alive
All individuals in the species have reproduced
There are only a few remaining members living
All members of the species have died
All of its members are still alive
All individuals in the species have reproduced
There are only a few remaining members living
All members of the species have died

60. If a species becomes extinct, that means ---
All of its members are still alive
All individuals in the species have reproduced
There are only a few remaining members living
All members of the species have died
All of its members are still alive
All individuals in the species have reproduced
There are only a few remaining members living
All members of the species have died

61. Remember!!!
So remember!
<keep this slide>

62. A permanent change in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene
Mutation:
A permanent change in the DNA
sequence that makes up a gene
A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene

63. Adaptation
A change or characteristic that helps an organism survive in its environment

64. Occurs when every individual of a species has died
Extinction
Occurs when every individual of a species has died

65. Activity Activity: Mutations & Variations Materials: Resources:
Each group will receive a “mutation” before they try to gather the peanuts (see next slide)
Spread peanuts on a blanket
Each group positions themselves at a home location in a part of the room
Start a timer and tell each group to proceed to the blanket and gather then peanuts
Continue procedure here
Materials:
Dry peanuts
Blanket
Table/desk
Cups
Craft sticks
Goggles
Cotton and string
Duct tape
Paper bag w/ letters A-H
Resources:
Full procedure:
1. Which mutation caused the greatest delay in acquiring food?
2. Which mutation caused the greatest delay in processing and consuming food?
3. What would these mutations do to the population of the environment?
4. What were some adaptations to the mutations that group members came up with?

66. “Mutations”

67. Thanks for watching, and please continue watching CAPs available from this website.

68. Questions or Comments to Michael Kennedy, Ph.D.
This Video Created With Resources From:
Cooperative Agreement # R324B130023
Curry School Foundation’s Research and Development Fund
Questions or Comments to Michael Kennedy, Ph.D.