1. Splash Screen

2. Section 1: The Industrial Revolution
Chapter Introduction
Section 1: The Industrial Revolution
Section 2: Reaction and Revolution
Section 3: National Unification and Nationalism
Section 4: Romanticism and Realism
Visual Summary
Chapter Menu

3. Reaction and Revolution
Why might growing nationalism have posed a threat to rulers of large territories?
Chapter Intro 2

4. The BIG Idea
Self-Determination In 1848, liberals and nationalists rebelled against many of the conservative governments of Europe.
Section 2-Main Idea

5. Content Vocabulary Academic Vocabulary conservatism
principle of intervention
liberalism
universal male suffrage
multinational state
Academic Vocabulary
constitution
radical
Section 2-Key Terms

6. The Congress of Vienna
After Napoleon’s defeat, the victors met and redrew the map of Europe to create a balance of power and to strengthen conservatism.
Section 2

7. The Congress of Vienna (cont.)
After the defeat of Napoleon, Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia met at the Congress of Vienna to restore peace and balance to Europe.
Austrian foreign minister, Klemens von Metternich of Vienna wanted to restore the monarchies that had ruled prior to Napoleon. (known as the principle of legitimacy)
The European powers divided the land to ensure political and military stability. They agreed to meet regularly in conferences known as the Concert of Europe.
Take steps needed to maintain peace in Europe.
Section 2

8. The Congress of Vienna (cont.)
The European powers believed in a political philosophy known as conservatism, which is based on tradition, the value of social stability, and organized religion.
Hated revolutions and unwilling to accept demands from people who wanted individual rights or representative governments.
The European powers, except for Britain, adopted the principle of intervention, which allowed the great powers to send armies into nations where there were revolutions.
Britain – great powers should not interfere in other countries issues
Europe After the Congress of Vienna, 1815
Section 2

9. The Congress of Vienna (cont.)
The great powers used military forces to put an end to revolutions in Spain and Italy and restored monarchies to these nations.
Section 2

10. Forces of Change
Liberals and nationalists opposed the existing political system and threatened the conservative regimes.
Section 2

11. Forces of Change (cont.)
While conservative governments were in charge, powerful forces such as liberalism were spreading, free as possible from government.
Liberals wanted to protect civil liberties, such as freedom of the press and speech, religious tolerance, and government rule by constitution.
Many liberals wanted a written document like the American Bill of Rights.
Section 2

12. Forces of Change (cont.)
Another force of change in nineteenth-century Europe was nationalism. Nationalism arose when people began to identify themselves based on language, region, culture, and customs. They believed they should owe their loyalty to their nation.
Every nationality felt they should have their own government.
Nationalism was a threat to conservatism because giving independence to nationalistic groups would upset the balance of power established at the Congress of Vienna.
Section 2

13. Forces of Change (cont.)
Beginning in 1830, liberalism and nationalism led to revolution in Europe. France and Belgium overthrew the current regimes, while Poland and Italy were unsuccessful in their rebellions.
Section 2

14. The Revolutions of 1848
Beginning in France in 1848, the spirit of revolution spread quickly over Europe, but the uprisings were largely suppressed.
Section 2

15. The Revolutions of 1848 (cont.)
Economic troubles in France led to a new rebellion in The monarchy was overthrown, and the new government established the policy of universal male suffrage.
In 1848, a new constitution was ratified, making the Second Republic the new government of France.
The first elected president was Charles Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte.
Section 2

16. The Revolutions of 1848 (cont.)
The 38 independent states of the German Confederacy attempted to unify in However, the Frankfurt Assembly failed to gain the support of Frederick William VI of Prussia.
Austria was a multinational state including Germans, Czechs, Hungarians, Poles, Slovaks, Slovenes, Romanians, Croats, Italians, Serbians, and Ukranians.
Nationalities in Austria-Hungary, Mid–1800s
Section 2

17. The Revolutions of 1848 (cont.)
Hungarian and Czechs demanded their own governments, but were crushed by Austrian and Russian forces in Vienna and Prague.
Revolts in northern Italian states of Lombardy and Venetia were also put down by Austrian authorities in 1849.
Section 2

18. Section 2-End

19. Figure 3

20. Figure 4

21. Figure 5

22. Figure 6

23. Figure 7

24. Figure 8

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33. conservatism
a political philosophy based on tradition and social stability, favoring obedience to political authority and organized religion
Vocab10

34. principle of intervention
idea that great powers have the right to send armies into countries where there are revolutions to restore legitimate governments
Vocab11

35. liberalism
a political philosophy originally based largely on Enlightenment principles, holding that people should be as free as possible from government restraint and that civil liberties—the basic rights of all people—should be protected
Vocab12

36. universal male suffrage
the right of all males to vote in elections
Vocab13

37. multinational state a state in which people of many nationalities live
Vocab14

38. constitution
the basic principles and laws of a nation, state, or social group that determine the powers and duties of the government and guarantee certain rights to the people in it
Vocab15

39. radical
relating to a political group associated with views, practices, and policies of extreme change
Vocab16

40. militarism
reliance on military strength
Vocab17

41. kaiser
German for “caesar,” the title of the emperors of the Second German Empire
Vocab18

42. plebiscite
a popular vote
Vocab19

43. emancipation
the act of setting free
Vocab20

44. abolitionism
a movement to end slavery
Vocab21

45. secede
withdraw
Vocab22

46. unification
the act, process, or result of making into a coherent or coordinated whole; the state of being unified
Vocab23

47. regime
the government in power
Vocab24

48. romanticism
an intellectual movement that emerged at the end of the eighteenth century in reaction to the ideas of the Enlightenment; it stressed feelings, emotion, and imagination as sources of knowing
Vocab25

49. secularization
indifference to or rejection of religion or religious consideration
Vocab26

50. organic evolution
the principle set forth by Charles Darwin that every plant or animal has evolved, or changed, over a long period of time from earlier, simpler forms of life to more complex forms
Vocab27

51. natural selection
the principle set forth by Charles Darwin that some organisms are more adaptable to the environment than others; in popular terms, “survival of the fittest”
Vocab28

52. realism
mid-nineteenth-century movement that rejected romanticism and sought to portray lower- and middle-class life as it actually was
Vocab29

53. individuality
a total character that distinguishes an individual from others
Vocab30

54. approach
the way or method one examines or studies an issue or a concept
Vocab31

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