1. Chapter 9 – Civilization in Eastern Europe
Beard – AP World

2. Byzantine Society
Bureaucrats from all social classes – regulate trade and food prices
Large peasant class
Justinian’s Code (Body of Civil Law) based on the Roman 12 tables. Organized and united the empire, spreading Roman legal principles in various parts of Europe.

3. Byzantine Politics
Government style – Empire (monarchy) with a bureaucracy. Imperial authority run by a God-ordained monarch (similar to Chinese Mandate of Heaven)
Organization of regions- divided into themes (military districts) and Generals were appointed to rule.
Military – peasants given land for military service (similar to Rome) It was an efficient military.

5. Justinian (ruled )
Constant attacks by Sassanian Empire in Persia, as well as Germanic invaders
In 533 borders were reasonably secure -> enter Justinian
Justinian tried to reconquer western territory
Rebuilt Constantinople (today known as Istanbul), built the Hagia Sophia
Tried to recapture the old Roman Empire and failed.

7. Byzantine Interactions
Culture borrowed from Greeks, Persians, Romans, Hebrew
Traded with Mediterranean Sea empires, Asia, Russia, Scandinavia, India, Arabic world (including Northern and sub-Saharan Africa)
Religion spread to Russia and Slavic people (later split into Orthodoxy)

9. Byzantine Culture
Language – Justinian changed Byzantine language from Latin to Greek.
Constantinople was the political, commercial, and intellectual center
Religion – split over worship of icons Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox.
Education centered on Hellenism
Distinct byzantine art and architecture – roman domes, religious mosaics, icon paintings (richly ornamented paintings of saints)

11. Hagia Sophia, Constantinople

12. Inside the Hagia Sophia

13. Byzantine Economy
Goods traded – glassware, linen, jewelry, gold, silver, and silk (silk worms smuggled from China)
Trade occurred on the Mediterranean and on the Silk Roads
Taxes on peasants
Bureaucrats controlled food prices

14. Split between Eastern and Western Christianity
Roman Catholic
Orthodox
Celibacy for priests
Priests can marry
Over this issue, as well as an argument over what type of bread to use in communion led to a split.
Similarities: close relations with Islamic world, major roles in world trade, both Christian

16. Decline Turkish invaders pressed on Byzantine borders(1000-1100)
Seljuks (Turkish troops) seized Asiatic provinces, thus controlling the economy (cut off trade with Eastern world)
New, independent Slavic empires showed weakened power
Eastern emperors asked for help from Western leaders, but they did not help.
Italian cities gained advantages in Constantinople, shifting power to the West.

19. Review:
Justinian’s Code was similar to Hammurabi’s Law Codes in that it
(A) dealt primarily with religious issues.
(B) became the basic law code for his state, and influenced future law codes.
(C) led to internal disruptions and faced harsh opposition
(D) deviated sharply from previous legal precedents when it sought to create a new tradition.

20. Review
The schism within the Christian church was due to all of these issues EXCEPT
(A) clerical celibacy; Orthodox priests could marry, but Catholic priests could not.
(B) papal interference in Byzantine political and religious affairs
(C) the Byzantine state control of the church in eastern lands
(D) Muslim influence on the Orthodox branch of Christianity

21. Review Byzantine trade flourished with all of the following EXCEPT:
(A) sub-Saharan Africa
(B) Asia
(C) the Mediterranean
(D) Northern Europe

22. Review
All the following were factors in the decline of Byzantium EXCEPT 
(A) Russian Invaders.
(B) Seljuk Turks. 
(C) Western Crusaders.
(D) Italian trading city-states such as Venice and Genoa.