1. Elements and The Periodic Table
1) Element squares
2) Atomic Number
3) Atomic Mass
4) Valence Electrons
5) Metals/Non-Metals and Metalloids
6) Groups and Families
7) Periods

2. The Elements There are 118 elements
98 of which occur naturally
The remainding 20 have been created in the lab
The universe as we know it is created out of these elements

3. The Elements and Atoms
Element – matter that is composed of one type of atom
Elements are abbreviated in scientific shorthand – either a letter or a pair of letters called chemical symbol.
Ex: Aluminum – Al Copper – Cu
Atom – smallest part of an element that still has the properties of the element

4. Atoms Atoms have 2 regions
1) Nucleus: the center of the atom that contains most of the mass of the atom.
2) Electron cloud: surrounds the nucleus & takes up most of the space of the atom

5. Atoms In the nucleus we find: In the electron cloud we find:
Protons: positively (+) charged subatomic particles
Neutrons: neutrally charged subatomic particles
In the electron cloud we find:
Electrons: the subatomic particle with a negative (-) charge and relatively no mass

6. Atomic Number and Atomic Mass
Atomic number = number of protons in an atom
Ex: Hydrogen’s atomic number is 1
hydrogen has 1 proton
Ex: Carbon’s atomic number is 6
carbon has 6 protons
**The number of protons identifies the atom - it’s an atom’s fingerprint.

7. How do we know the number of neutrons in an atom?
Atomic Mass: the number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus
number of neutrons = atomic mass - atomic number
Example
Li has a atomic mass of 7 and an atomic number of 3
Protons = 3 (same as atomic number)
Neutrons= 7-3 = 4 (atomic mass - atomic number)

8. How do we find the number of electrons in an atom?
Most atoms are neutral (have no overall charge)
Because the only charged subatomic particles are the protons and electrons… they must balance each other out in an electrically neutral atom.
Therefore..
Number of Electrons = number of Protons in a neutral atom.
If the number of protons is 8 (+) then the number of electrons is 8 (-)

9. Why is the Periodic Table Important?
The periodic table organizes all the known information about the elements

10. The Current Periodic Table
The periodic table arranges the elements by atomic number
The horizontal rows are called periods and are labeled from 1 to 7
The vertical columns are called groups are labeled from 1 to 18

11. How are protons, neutron and electrons arranged in an atom?

12. The Periodic Table
The periodic table organizes the elements in a particular way.
HOW???
By the atomic number

14. Atomic Numbers
Elements are organized on the table according to their atomic number, usually found near the top of the square.

15. What does each square tell us?
Different periodic tables can include various bits of information, but usually include the
atomic number
symbol
atomic mass
state of matter at room temperature

16. Atomic Number Refers to how many protons an atom of that element has
No two elements have the same number of protons

17. Atomic Mass Atomic Mass refers to the “weight” of the atom
It is found by adding the number of protons and the number of neutrons

18. Valence Electrons
Valence electrons are the electrons in the outer energy level of an atom

19. Metals, Non-Metals, and Metalloids
Use the handout to colour your top periodic table like this. Make sure you include a legend

20. Properties of Metals
Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity
Metals are shiny
Metals are ductile (can be stretched into thin wires)
Metals are malleable (can be pounded into thin sheets)
A chemical property of metal is its reaction with water, which results in corrosion

21. Properties of Non-Metals
Non-metals are poor conductors of heat and electricity
Non-metals are not ductile or malleable
Solid non-metals break easily.
They are dull
Many non-metals are gases

22. Properties of Metalloids
Metalloids (metal-like) have properties of both metals and non-metals.
They are solids that can be shiny or dull.
They conduct heat and electricity better than non-metals but not as well as metals.
They are ductile and malleable.
Silicon is used in many computer chips

23. Columns and Families
Elements in the periodic table are group into 18 columns
Each element within a column or group contains the same number of valence electrons
This results in them having similar properties

24. Columns and Families
Some of these columns are further divided into special families
Elements in each family have similar but not identical properties.
For example, lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), and other members of family IA are all soft, white, shiny metals.

25. Hydrogen
The hydrogen square sits atop Group 1, but it is not a member of that family. Hydrogen is in a class of its own.
It’s a gas at room temperature.
It has one proton and one electron in its one and only energy level.
Hydrogen only needs 2 electrons to fill up its valence shell.
Assign Hydrogen a colour and use the second periodic table to colour it in. **Include it on your legend**

26. Alkali Metals
The alkali family is found in the first column of the periodic table.
Atoms of the alkali metals have a single electron in their outermost level
They are shiny, soft and have the consistency of clay
They react violently with water and so are never found free in nature.
Sodium metal
Assign alkali metals a colour and use the second periodic table to colour it in. **Include it on your legend**

27. Alkaline Earth Metals
They are very reactive but not as reactive as group 1
They have two valence electrons.
Alkaline earth metals include magnesium and calcium, among others.
Assign alkali metals a colour and use the second periodic table to colour it in. **Include it on your legend**
Magnesium metal strip

28. Transition Metals
These are the metals you are most familiar with: copper, tin, zinc, iron, nickel, gold, and silver
For many, their number of valence electrons is variable (changes)
They are good conductors of heat and electricity
Assign transition metals a colour and use the second periodic table to colour it in. **Include it on your legend**

29. Halogen Family
The elements in this family are fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine
Halogens have 7 valence electrons, and are very reactive, therefore, they are never found free in nature
Assign halogens a colour and use the second periodic table to colour it in. **Include it on your legend**
Chlorine gas (Cl2) contains two chlorine atoms bonded together and is poisonous

30. Nobel Gases
Noble Gases are colorless gases that are extremely un-reactive
They are inactive because their outermost energy level is full
The family of noble gases includes helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon.
All the noble gases are found in small amounts in the earth's atmosphere.
Assign nobel gases a colour and use the second periodic table to colour it in. **Include it on your legend**
Helium is lighter than air. This allows balloons filled with it to float.

31. Rare Earth Elements
The thirty rare earth elements are composed of the lanthanide and actinide series
Most are synthetic or man-made
Look at your periodic table and determine where they should be
Assign rare earth elements a colour and use the second periodic table to colour it in. **Include it on your legend**

32. Rows and Periods
Elements in the periodic table are also grouped into rows or periods
The periods are numbered 1-7
Elements within a period do not share common characteristics
This is because they each have a different number of valence electrons

33. Examples He has a mass # of 4 and an atomic # of 2
p+ = 2 no = 2 e- = 2
Cl has a mass # of 35 and an atomic # of 17
p+ = 17, no = 18, e- = 17