1. Chapter 4 STATE OF CONSCIOUSNESS
Psychology
Chapter 4 STATE OF CONSCIOUSNESS
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2. longest single subject study - Randy Gardner, a 17 year old high school student set out to break the world record for staying awake in order to win a science fair. The previous record was 260 hours of total sleep deprivation (Yikes!). Once word got out that Randy was trying this, scientists came to monitor and record his progress. Here are some of the things that Randy experienced during that time:
SLEEP CASE STUDY
Longest single subject study - Randy Gardner, a 17 year old high school student set out to break the world record for staying awake in order to win a science fair. The previous record was 260 hours of total sleep deprivation (Yikes!). Once word got out that Randy was trying this, scientists came to monitor and record his progress. Here are some of the things that Randy experienced during that time:

3. SLEEP CASE STUDY
day 1 - nothing unusual, just some fatigue. day 2 - Randy began having problems focusing his eyes. As a result, he gave up one of the most utilized tools in sleep deprivation studies to remain awake - he stopped watching TV for rest of study. day 3 - at this point, he started having some minor mood changes, ataxia (poor body movement coordination), speech problems, and nausea. day 4 - not surprisingly, Randy started getting irritable on day 4, became a bit uncooperative, had some memory losses, poor concentration, and indicated that he felt like tight band around head. He also had a few hallucinations, including mistaking a street sign for a person.

4. SLEEP CASE STUDY
day 5 - Randy started having more hallucinations. For example, Randy insisted he was a great football player (although he clearly wasn't) and became annoyed with any arguments to the contrary. Later in day he began to feel better. days more ataxia, speech and memory problems. day 9 - fragmented thoughts and speech, blurred vision, and he became paranoid (he stated that others were out to ruin his attempt to break the record).

5. SLEEP CASE STUDY
After reaching goal, Randy slept for hours, after which all of the speech and memory problems disappeared. He also obtained an extra 6.5 hours of sleep over next two nights, regaining 24% of lost sleep including 2/3 of lost stage 4 and 1/2 of lost REM. It is a bit misleading to use the term "regaining lost sleep" as we never truly regain sleep (once gone, it's gone). However, what happens is that we can have an increase in the amount of particular stages of sleep we obtain. This is often referred to as "regaining lost sleep".

6. SLEEP CASE STUDY
Randy's experiences showed us several things about sleep, including: a) the cerebrum and human behavior are affected, although significantly harmful effects were not found b) physical condition (BP, Heart Rate, strength, etc) all remained normal throughout the study. c) circadian rhythms were demonstrated d) most recovery sleep occurred in one session and most recovery was stage 4 and REM.

7. Consciousness - state of awareness
What is Consciousness?
Consciousness - state of awareness
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8. Biological rhythms- internal rhythms of biological activity
What is Consciousness?
Biological rhythms- internal rhythms of biological activity
Menstrual cycle
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9. What is consciousness?
This chart illustrates the circadian change in body temperature over 28 hours in a group of eight young men. Body temperature rises throughout the waking day, peaking in the afternoon, and falls during sleep with the lowest point occurring during the very early morning hours.

10. Circadian rhythms- body’s internal clock
What is Consciousness?
Circadian rhythms- body’s internal clock
regular pattern that lasts about 24 hours
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2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

11. Located above the optic chiasm and part of the hypothalamus
What is Consciousness?
The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)- The main control center of the circadian rhythms of sleep and temperature
Located above the optic chiasm and part of the hypothalamus
Damage to the SCN results in less consistent body rhythms that are no longer synchronized to environmental patterns of light and dark
The SCN regulates waking and sleeping by controlling activity levels in other areas of the brain
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2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

12. What is Consciousness?
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) serves as the brain’s clock mechanism. The clock sets itself with light information received through projections from the retina.

13. What is Consciousness?
The pineal and pituitary glands secrete a number of hormones during sleep.

14. Melatonin secretion usually begins two to three hours before bedtime
What is Consciousness?
Melatonin- The pineal gland secretes melatonin, a hormone that increases sleepiness
Melatonin secretion usually begins two to three hours before bedtime
Melatonin feeds back to reset the biological clock through its effects on receptors in the SCN
Melatonin taken in the afternoon can phase- advance the internal clock and can be used as a sleep aid
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2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

15. Traveling west “phase-delays” our circadian rhythms
What is Consciousness?
Jet lag- Refers to the disruption of the circadian rhythms due to crossing time zones
Stems from a mismatch of the internal circadian clock and external time
Sleepiness during the day, sleeplessness at night, and impaired concentration
Traveling west “phase-delays” our circadian rhythms
Traveling east “phase-advances” our circadian rhythms
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2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

16. More difficult flying east
What is Consciousness?
More difficult flying east
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17. Sleep duration depends on when one goes to sleep
What is Consciousness?
Shift work
Sleep duration depends on when one goes to sleep
Working at night does not reliably change the circadian rhythm
People adjust best to night work if they sleep in a very dark room during the day and work under very bright lights at night
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2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

18. What is Consciousness?
Devices like this are designed to provide exposure to bright light to help people maintain a regular circadian cycle. They can be helpful for people working night shifts or for people affected by seasonal variations in light.

19. Morning people and evening people
What is Consciousness?
Morning people and evening people
Cycles can differ between people and lead to different patterns of wakefulness and alertness
Change as a function of age
Young children are morning people
Adolescents are often night people
As an adult, it partially depends upon genetics
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2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

20. What is Consciousness?
This figure illustrates some of the negative consequences of sleep deprivation. While cognitive deficits may be the most obvious, many body systems are negatively impacted by lack of sleep. (credit: modification of work by Mikael Häggström)

21. SLEEP AND WHY WE SLEEP?
Evolutionary Psychology- discipline that studies how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result of natural selection
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22. Cognitive functions of sleep-
SLEEP AND WHY WE SLEEP?
Cognitive functions of sleep-
Sleep deprivation results in disruptions in cognition and memory deficits (Brown, 2012), leading to impairments in our abilities to maintain attention, make decisions, and recall long-term memories
Performance on a newly learned task is often better the next day if adequate sleep is achieved during the night
Increased brain activity occurs in the area of the brain activated by a newly learned task while one is asleep
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2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

23. Stages of sleep
Brainwave activity changes dramatically across the different stages of sleep. (credit “sleeping”: modification of work by Ryan Vaarsi)

24. REM sleep- rapid eye movement sleep
Stages of sleep
REM sleep- rapid eye movement sleep
Research is inconclusive regarding the exact functions of REM
During REM:
The brain may discard useless connections
Learned motor skills may be consolidated
Maurice (1998) suggests the function of REM is simply to shake the eyeballs back and forth to provide sufficient oxygen to the corneas
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2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

25. non-REM dreams occur 2–3 hours per night
Stages of sleep
Non-REM sleep
on average, non-REM dreams are less bizarre and filled with less negative emotion than REM dreams
non-REM dreams occur 2–3 hours per night
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26. Dream interpretation: manifest content latent content
Stages of sleep
Dreams
Carl Jung
Dream interpretation:
manifest content
latent content
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2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

27. Sleep Problems and disorders
Insomnia
Sleep Apnea
SIDS
Narcolepsy
Parasomnia
Sleepwalking
REM sleep behavior disorder
Restless leg syndrome
Night terrors
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28. Sleep Problems and disorders
The Safe to Sleep campaign educates the public about how to minimize risk factors associated with SIDS. This campaign is sponsored in part by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.

29. Substance use and abuse
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30. Substance use and abuse
This figure illustrates various drug categories and overlap among them. (credit: modification of work by Derrick Snider)

31. Substance use and abuse
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32. Substance use and abuse
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33. Substance use and abuse
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34. Substance use and abuse
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35. Substance use and abuse
Psychedelic images like these are often associated with hallucinogenic compounds. (credit: modification of work by “new 1lluminati”/Flickr)

36. Substance use and abuse
Medical marijuana shops are becoming more and more common in the United States.(credit: Laurie Avocado)

37. Other states of consciencousness
Popular portrayals of hypnosis have led to some widely-held misconceptions.

38. Other states of consciencousness
This is a statue of a meditating Buddha, representing one of the many religious traditions of which meditation plays a part.
People practicing meditation may experience an alternate state of consciousness. (credit a: modification of work by Jim Epler; credit b: modification of work by Caleb Roenigk)