1. The Crusades

2. Problems for the Church
Issues with the Church
Church Reforms
Problems for the Church
Simony
Married priests
Lay investiture
Monastery Reforms
Jewish Relations
Church Reforms
Nuns = No more preaching
Priests = many broke their vows and lived in luxury under relaxed rule
Problems for the Church
Monastery Reforms
Benedictine Rule revived by Abbot Berno at Cluny in 1900
Pope Gregory VII (1073)
Jewish Relations
Jewish population flourished in Spain; tolerated in much of Europe, but taxed heavily even though as a whole they are a hard working group of people
Blamed and persecuted

3. What are the Crusades?
Between 1095 – 1248, 7 official Crusades attempted to take the Middle East (Holy Lands) in the name of Christianity
All 7 Crusades failed – but left a lasting impact on Europe
Crusade means “taking the Cross”

4. Who were the Crusaders?
Various groups of Europeans (nobles, serfs, children, townspeople)
Crusaders did not have to pay taxes or debts while away

5. Why the Crusades?
Christian “pilgrims” visited the Holy Lands without problems for centuries
Seljuk Turks invaded the area and treated the pilgrims poorly, which upset the Europeans
Seljuk Turks moved into the Byzantine Empire (Western Christians) – too close!

6. Why the Crusades?
Italian cities desired to expand trade (Venice and Genoa)
Pope Urban II’s called for the First Crusade to help the Western Christian population fend off the Turkish invasion

7. Crusading Monks

8. Crusading…

9. First Crusade – People’s Crusade
Mostly French who crossed Asia Minor
Assisted by greedy Italian merchants
Established 4 Christian feudal states – including Jerusalem
Europeans gain ground in the Holy Lands and introduce feudalism

10. Second Crusade
Called when the Turks tried to invade the Holy Land following the first crusade
Military FAILURE for Europe

11. Third Crusade – Crusade of Kings
Muslims (under Saladin) took Jerusalem so the European monarchs embarked on a Crusade
Costly to the European monarchies
Phillip II (France)
Frederick Barbarossa (Germany)
Richard the Lionheart (England)
Military FAILURE for Europe!

12. Second and Third Crusades

13. Children’s Crusade Focused on Egypt which was a Moslem stronghold
Belief that innocent children could retake the Holy Lands
Children died (sinking ships and horrible land conditions)
Many of those who lived sold to slavers

14. Children’s Crusade

15. Children’s Crusade

16. Reconquista of Spain
Muslim Spain divided into Muslim and Christian Kingdoms
Marriage of Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon
Unification of Spain in 1492
“Most Catholic” Nation State with strong Inquisition Court
1212 CE – Muslim state in Spain is broken into fiefdoms; Spanish move into Toledo and keep heading south until Muslims only in Granada
In 1250 CE Spain had a Christian Ruler, except for the Nasrid Kingdom in Granada
For 2 centuries the country was divided over several states: Castile, Aragon, Navarra and Portugal – Isabella of Castile marries Ferdinand of Aragon = unifies two powerful kingdoms = 1492 they defeat the Muslims at Granada
Hope to unify Spain politically and religiously (Roman Catholic)
Monarchs align with people against nobility = development of a nation state
Isabella pushes religious unity (Spain tolerant under Muslim rule of Christians, Jews, and Muslims)
Spanish Inquisition – 150,000 flee (many Muslims and Jewish peoples leave the nation to avoid) – wants to ensure “cleanliness of blood” – make sure that Jewish and Muslim Spanish residents do not “secretly” practice religion; punishment in public ceremony that sometimes involves torture; official end is 1834

18. What did the Crusades accomplish?
Stimulated trade between East and West
Kings sent rowdy nobles on crusades (solved the “problem”)
Cultural diffusion between Europe and the Middle East