1. TAXONOMY AND CLASSIFICATION
QUIZ: Tuesday 10/18
TEST: Fri. 10/28

2. What is Taxonomy? How is it done?
Taxonomy a branch of biology that deals with classifying and naming organisms
Scientists look at similarities and differences in organisms

3. Back in the day…
Aristotle (~360 BC) came up with a system of classifying organisms.
ANIMALS and PLANTS
Based on habits
Very inconsistent
Carl Linnaeus (~1735) improved Aristotle’s classification system and his is still used today
Founder of taxonomy

4. Why Classify??? For order and organization
Ease of adding newly discovered organisms
Shows relationships between organisms
Beyond language barriers and common names

5. Cell Type Prokaryote Eukaryote
Organisms that DO NOT HAVE a membrane bound NUCLEUS
Eukaryote
Organisms that HAVE a membrane bound NUCLEUS

6. Body Type Unicellular Multicellular Uni- means ONE
Organism made up of ONE CELL
Multicellular
Multi- means MANY
Organism made up of MANY CELLS

7. Nutrition Autotrophic Heterotrophic
Create their own energy from sun or chemicals
Producers
Heterotrophic
Rely on other organisms for energy
Consumers

8. Cell Wall Cell structure that surrounds a cell
Provides support and protection
Can be made up of: chitin, cellulose, peptidoglycan, silica, proteins

9. Kingdom Phylum King Phillip Came Gets more specific Over For Good
Linnaeus’s System of Classification
Kingdom
King
Phylum
Phillip
Class
Came
Order
Over
Family
For
Gets more specific
Genus
Good
Spaghetti
Species

10. Order: Primates Family: Hominidae
LINNAEAN  CLASSIFICATION  OF  HUMANS  
Kingdom:   Animalia      
 Phylum:   Chordata           
Class:   Mammalia                   
Order:   Primates                                    Family:   Hominidae
Genus:   Homo                                                        
Species:   sapiens

11. Binomial Nomenclature
Two word system using the genus and species of an organism
Genus is always capitalized…species is always lowercase
Both genus and species are underlined or italicized
EX: Humans
Homo sapiens

12. Ursus arctos (italics)
underlined
Always capitalize the first letter of the Genus name!!!

13. Binomial Nomenclature
Genus - first part of name
Always use a capital letter and underline or italics
Ex: Homo - humans
Felis - cats, tigers, lions
Ursus- bears
Canis - dogs, wolves, coyotes

14. Binomial Nomenclature
Species - second part of the name
Always with a lower case letter and underline or italics.
Ex: sapien - thinking familiaris - dog
domesticas - cat lupus - wolves
tigris - tiger latran - coyotes

15. Binomial Nomenclature
Full binomial nomenclature: Genus species
Homo sapiens
Canis familiaris
Felis domesticus
Canis lupus

16. Phylogeny
Scientists group organisms based on their evolutionary connections
A “Family Tree”…

17. Barnacles, Crabs, and Limpets
Which ones are most closely related??
Crabs

18. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON VISIBLE SIMILARITIES
Cladograms
Appendages
Conical Shells
Crustaceans
Gastropod
Barnacle
Crab
Limpet
Crab
Barnacle
Limpet
Molted exoskeleton
Segmentation
Tiny free-swimming larva
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON VISIBLE SIMILARITIES
CLADOGRAM

19. Cladograms
A cladogram is a diagram used to show ancestral relationships between organisms
Evolutionary tree of life

20. Quick Lab How is a cladogram constructed?
Derived Characters in Organism
Organism
Derived Character
Backbone
Legs
Hair
Earthworm
Absent
Trout
Present
Lizard
Human
1. Identify which organism is least closely related to the others.
2. Create your branches based on the differences in characters.
3. What trait separates
the least closely
related organism from
the other animals?
ANALYZING
Does your cladogram indicate that lizards and humans share a more recent common ancestor when compared to an earthworm?
Where would you insert a frog if you added it to the cladogram?

21. Cladogram Frog Lizard Human Trout Earthworm Hair Legs Backbone
Amniotic Egg
Hair
Legs
Backbone

22. Tools for Classifying
Dichotomous Keys

23. Domains and Kingdoms 6 Kingdoms 3 Domains Archaebacteria
Protista
Bacteria
Eubacteria
Fungi
Eukarya
Plantae
Animalia

24. Kingdom Archaebacteria
Cell Type: prokaryote
Cell Wall: not composed of peptidoglycan
Body Type: unicellular
Nutrition: autotrophic vs. heterotrophic
Examples: Ancient bacteria--Extremophiles
methanococcus; halophiles

25. Kingdom Bacteria Cell Type: prokaryote
Cell Wall: composed of peptidoglycan
Body Type: unicellular
Nutrition: autotrophic & heterotrophic
Examples: Common bacteria
E. coli, streptococcus, staphylococcus

26. Kingdom Protista Cell Type: Eukaryotic
Cell Wall: silica, calcium carbonate, proteins
Body Type: unicellular & multicellular
Nutrition: autotrophic & heterotrophic
Examples: Misfits like--paramecium, euglena, amoeba

27. Kingdom Fungi Cell Type: eukaryotic Cell Wall: chitin
Body Type: unicellular & multicellular
Nutrition: heterotrophic (not a plant!)
Examples: yeast, morel, puffball,
Rhizopus stolonifer (bread mold)

28. Kingdom Fungi

29. Kingdom Plantae Cell Type: eukaryotic Cell Wall: composed of cellulose
Body Type: multicellular
Nutrition: autotrophic
Examples: corn; ferns; roses; pine tree

30. Kingdom Animalia Cell Type: eukaryotic Cell Wall: no cell wall
Body Type: multicellular
Nutrition: heterotrophic
Examples: manatee, shark, snakes, worms, coral, hummingbird, insects….