1. Chapter 10-Evolution and Natural Selection
10-1 Charles Darwin
10-2 The Evidence for Evolution
10-3 Natural Selection

2. 10-1 Charles Darwin
At age 22 Charles Darwin sailed on the HMS Beagle from England to make a survey of the coast of South America.
He spent 5 years at sea making observations and taking careful notes.
Darwin’s famous book, The Origin of Species, caused great controversy because of his conclusions that species change over time. His implication that apes were close relatives of humans caused great alarm.

3. Darwin proposed that natural selection was the mechanism for species change.
Organisms with traits well suited to an environment are more likely to survive and produce more offspring than organisms without these favorable traits.
The modern theory of evolution is a combination of Mendel’s ideas about genetics and Darwin’s ideas about natural selection.

4. 10-2 Evidence for Evolution
The fossil record
Fossils are traces of dead organisms. They can be tracks or footprints, insects trapped in sticky tree sap, impressions of leaves or skin, or animals buried in tar.
Fossils are produced by the rapid burial in mud or sediment. Bone and shell is replaced by hard minerals in the sediment. Soft tissues do not fossilize unless there is no oxygen to prevent decay.
The fossil age is determined by using radioactive dating. This process uses the radioactive element in the rock to determine how much the element has decayed over time.

5. a
Comparing organisms
Homologous structures are structures that share a common ancestry.
Vestigial structures are structures that apparently have no purpose. They are believed to be a left over piece of an evolutionary past.
Developmental patterns are believed to show evolutionary relationships

6. 10-3 Natural Selection
Darwin believed that the principle mechanism of development was natural selection.
The key factor in natural selection is the environment.
The environment presents challenges that individuals with particular traits can better overcome.
Traits possessed by organisms successful at survival and reproduction are more likely to be transmitted to the next generation.
These traits become more common over time.

7. The Peppered Moth – In 1850 the dark peppered moth was rare in England
The Peppered Moth – In 1850 the dark peppered moth was rare in England. Over time the dark colored moth became more common due to the sooty coating on the bark.
Sickle Cell Anemia – Homozygous sickle cell alleles cause death in an individual. Heterozygous sickle cell alleles protect an individual from malaria.
Seaside Sparrow -