1. Emission Control Technology Implementation Feasibility
Table 9. Emission Control Technologies
Emission Control Technology Implementation Feasibility
(A) Changes feasible only by Car/Engine manufacturer.
Retro-fitment not feasible in older engines.
(B) Retro-fitment feasible even for older vehicles
Purpose: To Improve Combustion Efficiency
For Reducing Harmful Emissions & Reducing Fuel Consumption
Purpose: To Clean Up Exhaust Emissions
(B2) After –combustion
Treatment [8]
(B3)To Eliminate Cold Start
(A1) Improved Engine Design
to meet tight Bharat/Euro Emission Control Standards
(B1) Pre-Combustion Treatment
Fuel Droplet Atomization , Shattering & Mixing Technologies
B1.2 Water Injection,
Emulsified Fuels, Oxygen Injection
B1.3 Energized Fuels
(B2.1) Exhaust Control Technology
Electronic ignition, more precise fuel metering, and computerized engine management
Catalytic Converter
With/without Secondary Air Injection
 Substrate & coating technologies
 Three-way catalysts for NOx reduction
 Oxidation catalysts
 Exhaust gas recirculation
B1.2.1
Water Injection,
For diesel Engines only [9]
B1.3.1 Fuel-Borne Catalyst (FBC)
B1.3.2
Non-thermal plasma devices
B2.1.1Catalytic Converter
 B Diesel Particulate filters
 B Wall-flow filters
 B2.1.4 Open flow filters
 B2.1.5 Urea injection
 B Lean NOx Traps (LNT)
 B Plasma assisted catalysis
B3.1 Electrical heating of cat con
B3.2 Non-thermal plasma devices
(C) Zero Emission Vehicles: Enabling Technologies
US State of California Report (Reviewed in Appendix ‘A’) [10]
(C1) Energy Storage
Batteries
(C2) Hydrogen Fuel Storage
(C3) Fuel Cells
 C1.1 Nickel Metal Hydride Batteries (NiMH)
 C1.2 Lithium Ion Batteries (Li Ion)
 C1.3 ZEBRA (sodium-nickel chloride) Batteries
 C2.1 Gaseous hydrogen 350 bar
 C2.2 Gaseous hydrogen 700 bar
 C2.3 Liquid hydrogen (has limitations)
 C2.4 Adsorbed Hydrogen (far term)
Review in Appendix “A”
R. Gopalaswami et al. An Integrated Vehicular Emission Control Programme for the City of Delhi Using Retrofitted
Emission Control Technologies. Journal of Atmospheric Pollution, 2016, Vol. 4, No. 1, doi: /jap-4-1-1
© The Author(s) Published by Science and Education Publishing.