1. Scientific Revolution
Beemon – Spring 2017 – World History

2. Hook
What do you know about the individuals below? Can you list their major accomplishments?
Nicolas Copernicus
Galileo Galilee
Johannes Kepler
Sir Isaac Newton
Definition of Scientific Revolution?
New theories replaced old theories of science that were rooted in a new idea called the scientific method.

3. Main Ideas
In the mid-1500’s scientists began to question accepted beliefs and make new theories based on experimentation
Such questioning led to the development of the scientific method still in use today.
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4. Copernicus Polish Cleric & astronomer
Worked 25 years to develop the Heliocentric Theory which challenged the Catholic Church’s Geocentric Theory (which was based off of research by Aristotle during the Greek Golden Age).
Since he feared the church (heresy) he did not publish his findings until the year of his day in 1543.
He did not have the mathematical formulas to prove his findings, just observations.

5. Galileo Italian Scientist Developed his own telescope in 1609
Findings: Jupiter has 4 moons, the sun has dark spots, and the moon was imperfect.
These findings went against the Catholic Church’s ideas of the moon (again based on Aristotle.
However, Galileo published the Starry Messenger (1632) in which he supported the Copernican theory.

6. Persecution of Galileo
Galileo was put on trial for heresy – Inquisition – Where he reads a confession.
Although he recanted, he was still placed on house arrest until his death in 1642.
The Catholic Church apologized for their actions in 1992.
I, Galileo…Florentine, aged seventy years, …kneeling before you,…swear that I have always believed, do believe, and by God's help will in  the future believe, all that is held, preached, and taught by the Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church…I must altogether abandon the false opinion that the sun is the center of the world and immovable, and that the earth is not the center of the world, and moves, and that I must not hold, defend, or teach in any way whatsoever, verbally or in writing, the said false doctrine…I wrote and printed a book in which I discuss this new doctrine already condemned,…I have been pronounced by the Holy Office to be vehemently suspected of heresy, that is to say, of having held and believed that the Sun is the center of the world and immovable, and that the earth is not the center and moves:  …with sincere heart and unfeigned faith I abjure, curse, and detest the aforesaid errors and heresies, and generally every other error, heresy,  and sect whatsoever contrary to the said Holy Church, and I swear that in the future I will never again say or assert, verbally or in writing, anything that might furnish occasion for a similar suspicion regarding me…”

7. Kepler German mathematician & astronomer
Assistant to Tycho Brahe (student of Copernicus)
Findings: planets move in elliptical patterns, not circles & proved Copernican theory using mathematical evidence. Also, many of his findings formed a foundation for Sir Isaac Newton

8. Sir Isaac Newton English scientist – 1600’s
Studied math and physics at Cambridge
Findings: Universal Gravitation, Laws of Motion
“If I have seen further than others, it is because I have stood on the shoulders of giants.”

9. Questions you should be able to answer…
What was the difference between the helio – and geo – centric theories?
Who had the authority in science prior to the Scientific Revolution?
What was the importance/significance of the Scientific Revolution?
Why did Copernicus not publish his findings until after his death?
Name 3 new ideas and findings by Galileo.
How did Kepler confirm the theories of Copernicus and Galileo?
How was Newton the “capstone” of the Scientific Revolution?

10. Last Ten
What am I Thinking? Activity
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