1. UNIT 3 – ENERGY AND POWER 3-1 UNIT 3 Topics Covered
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3-1
UNIT 3 – ENERGY AND POWER
UNIT 3
Topics Covered
Energy Sources – Power Plants and Fuels
Classical Mechanics:
Force, Work, Energy, and Power
Trigonometry and Vectors
Energy and Power
Impacts of Current Generation and Use

2. IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-1
UNIT 3 – ENERGY AND POWER Topic 1: Energy Sources – Power Plants and Fuels
FUEL: a material used to produce heat or power
Most of the following are power plants – what is the fuel shown/used in each image?
Geothermal:
Wind power (Panama):
Hydroelectric Power (Conowingo Dam, MD):
Natural Gas:
Oil Refinery:
Tidal [France, only active tidal plant (possible just in Europe)]:
Nuclear (Czech Republic):
Solar (Germany):

3. 3-1 Topic 1 Energy Sources – Fuels Why a watermark of the Sun?
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Topic 1 Energy Sources – Fuels
Why a watermark of the Sun?
The Sun is the source of all energy on Earth.

4. Topic 1 Energy Sources – Fuels
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Topic 1 Energy Sources – Fuels
Fuels and Energy
Energy is NOT fuel used for transportation and heating, for lights and appliances, and foods for consumption.
FUEL ENERGY
Fuels are a source of energy.
Fuels are the material source of energy, containing it as a potential.

5. Topic 1 Energy Sources – Fuels
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Topic 1 Energy Sources – Fuels
Fuel Types
Non-renewable
Fossil Fuels
Coal, Natural Gas, Petroleum (Oil)
Nuclear – Uranium ore
Renewable
Biofuels, Biomass, Geothermal, Hydro, Solar, Tidal, Wave, Wind

6. Non-Renewable Fuels – Fossil Fuels
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Non-Renewable Fuels – Fossil Fuels
Fossil fuels are burned to release stored energy.
Formed from the heated and pressurized remains of dead plant and animal life over hundreds of millions of years.
Non-renewable – millions of years to form and reserves are being depleted faster than new ones are being formed.
Volatile: natural gas and petroleum
Nonvolatile: coal

7. Non-Renewable Fuels – Coal
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Non-Renewable Fuels – Coal
Coal is formed from the remains of terrestrial plants that died around 350 million years ago.
Plant remains preserved in water and mud.
Heat and Pressure

8. Non-Renewable Fuels – Coal
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Non-Renewable Fuels – Coal
4,000 B.C.E. – China carved ornaments
2,000 B.C.E. – funeral pyres in Britain
1,200s C.E. – underground mining developed

9. Non-Renewable Fuels – Coal
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History of Extraction and Use
Colliery (COLL-yer-ee) – a coal mine and its connected buildings.
Coal must be cleaned and refined (improved) after extraction
South Wales, Great Britain – oldest known colliery.
First commercial coal mining in U.S. in 1730s, VA.
Prior to 1880s, coal was picked by hand underground.
By 1912, surface mining was used.

10. Non-Renewable Fuels – Coal
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Non-Renewable Fuels – Coal
Methods of Extraction
Underground Mining:
60% of world production
33% of U.S. mining
Uses timber for support tunnel
Machines enter and extract coal
Surface (Strip) Mining:
More coal extracted than underground mining
Exposes coal by removing land above deposits

11. Non-Renewable Fuels – Coal
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Non-Renewable Fuels – Coal
Uses
Coal is mostly used as a solid fuel to produce electricity and heat through combustion.
It is usually pulverized (crushed into small particles) then burned in a furnace for electricity generation at a power plant.
~40% of world’s electricity comes from coal
~49% of U.S. electricity comes from coal

12. Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas
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Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas
Sea plants and animals died, were buried on the ocean floor, covered by layers of silt and sand.
million years – remains buried deeper.
Heat and pressure turned remains into oil and gas.

13. Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas
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Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas
Often referred to as “gas”
Gaseous fuel consisting mostly of methane, but includes quantities of other hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons are molecules made up of H and C
C3H8 – Propane
CH4 – Methane

14. Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas
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Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas
Methods of Extraction
Associated – found in oil fields
Non-associated – found in natural gas fields
Coalbed Methane – found in coal beds
Before use, it must undergo processing to remove everything but methane (such as CO2, N2, H2)

15. Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas
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Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas
Methods of Extraction
Geologists locate types of rock that are known to contain gas and oil deposits.
Seismic surveys – echoes from a vibration source
Drilling begins, whether on land or offshore.
NG flows up the well to the surface.
Goes to processing or directly to transport pipeline
NG is colorless, odorless, tasteless, so a chemical is added to give it odor – Mercaptan

16. Non-Renewable Fuels – Coal
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Non-Renewable Fuels – Coal
Storage and Transport
NG is moved by pipelines from fields to consumers.
NG demand is greater in winter for heat – stored in underground storage systems
Old oil and gas wells, caverns formed in old salt beds
Can be cooled (-260 deg F) to Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
LNG can be transported in tankers over the ocean

17. Non-Renewable Fuels – Coal
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Processing

18. Non-Renewable Fuels – Coal
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Non-Renewable Fuels – Coal
Uses - HOME
NG makes up 22% of fuel consumption in U.S.
~63% homes use for stoves, furnaces, water heaters, dryers, and other appliances.
NG is raw material for:
Paints, fertilizers, plastics, antifreeze, dyes, photographic film, medicines, explosives
Propane – barbecue grills

19. Non-Renewable Fuels – Coal
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Uses - INDUSTRY
Produce steel, glass, paper, clothing, brick, electricity, etc.
U.S.