1. Renaissance and Reformation
2. Art and Science
Renaissance and Reformation

2. Do Now How does art and science change during the Renaissance?
Learning Target:
I understand that evidence of Humanism in the European Renaissance can be found in paintings from the Renaissance.
I can demonstrate the cultural effects of the Scientific Revolution

3. What is the Renaissance?
Renewal of life, Rebirth
Refers to a revival or art, literature and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century in Italy and spreading to all Western Europe

4. Where does it begin? Italian city-states Venice Florence Milan Naples
Genoa
Siena

5. Why Italy?
Center of trade, especially with the East, that managed to preserve the learning of Greece and Rome
Home of the Catholic Church
Italy sees itself as the rightful heir of culture as the former home of the Roman Empire
Renewed interest in old Roman glory

6. Middle Ages vs. Renaissance
“protection” – warring states- group centered
God Centered
Individual not important, next life is important
Most knowledge is already known
“progress” – educated state- individual centered
Human centered (secular)
Individual is important, this life is important
All knowledge not already known

7. Middle Ages vs. Renaissance
4. Catholic church is infallible 5. Life revolves around manor and castle Goal of education: to continue teachings of church. Train priests, monks w/ emphasis on Bible
4. Church might not always be prepared 5. Rebirth of the city Goal of education: to prepare someone to live in society in this world, leadership. Scholars were called humanists.

8. Middle Ages vs. Renaissance
7. Status in society was fixed and passed down by birth 8. Wealth based on land
7. Social status is more flexible; based on talent and money 8. Wealth begins to be based on money

9. Artistic Revival Art: Literature:
Michelangelo, da Vinci, Rafael and other great master Italian painters
Literature:
The Church and the wealthy finance a plethora of famous works

10. Printing! Gutenberg press
How?
More centralization
More trade
Printing! Gutenberg press

11. Intro Art
During the Middle Ages, art and learning were centered on the church and religion.
Start of the 14th century, people became less interested in thinking about God, heaven and the saints, and more interested in thinking about themselves, their surroundings and their everyday lives
The values and ideals popular during the European Renaissance can be described by the term secular humanism: secular, meaning not religious and humanism, meaning placing the study and progress of human nature at the center of interests.

12. Humanism Rise of Humanism can be seen in paintings
We will be learning how to tell the difference between paintings from Renaissance and earlier works of art
Primary sources!

13. Madonna and Child in Glory
Jacopa di Cione
1360/65
halos around the heads of the
figures in the paintings, a signal
that they are residents of heaven
pairs of saints and angels around
the upper border of the painting
are smaller than the Madonna and
child in the center
hieratic scale
Most important figures in a work of
art large than less important figures
Tempura paint

14. Miraculous Mass of Martin of Tours
Franconian School
Approx 1440
Compare this background to background of last picture
Gold background to symbolize holy atmosphere of heaven
Halo?
Hieratic scale?
Where are the figures in this painting?
Do their surroundings look true to life? Why/why not?

15. Madonna and the Child with St. John
Guiliano Bugiardini
1510
Halos?
Differ from other halos?
Landscape heavenly or earthly?
Holy family of Madonna and baby Jesus w/ St. John live in same world as ordinary people.
Oil painting- invented during Ren.
Build up layers of paint so light could shine through
Compare to 1st picture

16. Adoration of the Shepherds
1510
Giovanni Agostino da Lodi
Shows holy family w/ shepherds on each side of the painting, angel in center.
Hieratic scale?
Halos?
Tempura or oil paint?

17. Adoration of the Magi Kress Monnogrammist 1550/1560
Examine buildings in background very carefully.
True to life? Why/why not?
Mathematical formulas that allowed artists to represent space in paintings in a very believable way
Accurate perspective
Compare w/ 1st picture
More true to life? Halos? Hieratic scale? Landscape? Oil/tempura?

18. Bean Eater Annibale Carracci 1582/83
Ordinary people also became worthy subjects for art
Is he a saint?
Oil painting?
How can you tell?

19. Summary
You will be given reproductions of a variety of paintings from Middle Ages and Renaissance
@ Tables
Put paintings in chronological order
Based on halo, hieratic scale, landscape, oil paint, perspective
Use background and PPT info
As a group write down an explanation for chronology
10 min

21. To what extent does truth change?
What factors play a role in the change of truth?
Think, pair, share- 2 min

22. Things aren’t always what they seem…

23. Exhibit A: Pluto 2006: Pluto demoted, no longer a planet
Scientist Mike Brown:
“I’d say the most important thing to know about Pluto is that in the scale of the solar system, it is insignificant debris.”

24. THE WORLD IS NOT FLAT The Scientific Revolution 1500-1687
Renaissance Europe

25. Scientific Revolution
Reformation made it ok to question old beliefs to find new answers
Luther challenged the church on its ways… if you can question religion, you can question the world around you.

26. Creation of a new world view
Questioning of old knowledge & assumptions
Gradual replacement of religious & superstition presumptions
Gradual rise of science & reason

27. At start of 1000s AD, the Europeans are vastly behind the rest of the world in technology… They must catch up to China and Middle East!
1295- Marco Polo, a European explorer visits Asia and sees their advancements… He comments on the inferiority of the Europeans
Now Europe really picks up the pace… By the 1800s, Europeans have the attitude that they are Superior to China.

28. New Way of Thinking Secular- of this world
This is the focus of things on this world, not so much about religion.
Around the 1500s there’s a shift from theology to philosophy;
Taught in universities
Politics, natural sciences, etc… - we still have PHDs
They believed that while God did create the Universe, he did so in a way that we humans could understand, reconstruct, and know

29. New way of thinking Rational
Reason things out, and think about everything!
Humans CAN figure out the way the world works (laws of nature) by studying physics, biology, chemistry and politics
What makes society work

30. Scientific Revolution
Why did scientists begin to challenge the Ptolemaic view of the Universe? (everything is revolved around the earth)
What does this universe look like?
Stand up and find a friend on opposite side of room and discuss.
2 min

31. ASTRONOMY Ptolemy and Aristotle: The Old Truth
Ancient Greek Philosopher
Geo-centric. The Earth is the center of the universe!
b/c God placed the Earth at the center of the Universe, representing His closeness to humans
The Catholic Church of the Middle Ages readily accepted this astronomical viewpoint and condemned anyone who believe otherwise as a “heretic.”

32. Ptolemaic System-perfect circles and spheres

33. Nicolaus Copernicus

34. Up to the time of Copernicus, people thought that there was a sort of crystal sphere that kept the planets, moon and stars in orbit around the Earth.
It was Copernicus that proposed the idea that the Earth revolved around the sun, and not vice versa… The sun was the center of the Universe, not the Earth.
In 1543, Copernicus published De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestiu. He waited until he was about to die before publishing it because he knew what he was proposing would be trouble.. He sends a letter to the Pope before its publication… “I don’t mean to…”

36. Johannes Kepler The Laws of Planetary Motion
Copernicus was right! …. Except orbits are not circular. They are oval!
Kepler model

37. Galileo Galilei Father of “modern science”
He was one of 1st Europeans to build and use a telescope (he didn’t invent it!)
Galileo used a telescope to observe the moon, and saw craters. This proved that the moon was not a perfect sphere… hmm.. Trouble.

38. Galileo’s challenging of the church got him into big trouble… Found guilty of heresy, forced to take back his claims and finished his life under house arrests.

40. Galileo used the scientific method to come to his conclusions
He saw moons on Jupiter (thus we have the Galilean Moons of Jupiter) Aristotle didn’t mention moons….
Galileo used the scientific method to come to his conclusions
Observe- define – test… rethink, observe, experiment, observe, test…

41. Sir Isaac Newton- Laws of Motion
Previous “truth”
Aristotle: believe there were “heavy” and “light” elements
Earth and water elements are heavy, therefore fell to the ground, Fire and Air elements were light, and therefore rose skyward

42. Newton developed more accurate Laws of Motion
Laws of motion are the same all over universe
Gravity! Cause items to fall to Earth, and controls movements of planets
Inertia: an object remains in motion unless acted upon by force

43. Effects of Scientific Revolution
Skepticism and independent reasoning
Challenges to religion
Decline in belief of magic, demons and witchcraft
Questions about humanity’s role in the universe
Gave humanity control of nature
Challenges to established views of women