1. Chapter 12: The Fires of Perfection
NATION OF NATIONS, SIXTH EDITION
DAVIDSON • DELAY • HEYRMAN • LYTLE • STOFF

2. Preview
“The Second Great Awakening unleashed a cascade of reform during the 1820s and 1830s….Some reformers withdrew from everyday life to create utopian communities; others sought humanitarian reforms such as temperance, educational improvement, women’s rights, and—most disruptive to the political system—the abolition of slavery.”

3. The Highlights Revivalism and the Social Order Women’s Sphere
American Romanticism
The Age of Reform
Abolitionism
Reform Shakes the Party System

4. Day 1

5. Revivalism and the Social Order
Finney’s New Measures
Charles Grandison Finney became the leading minister of the Second Great Awakening
Emphasis on the conversion experience a scientifically timed emotionally wrenching experience
The Philosophy of the New Revivals
Free will replaces predestination as more American
Perfectionism “aim at being holy and don’t rest until satisfied” underscored a message of optimism

6. Religion and the Market Economy
Market era’s rapid changes spurred many people to turn toward evangelism
Finney’s Rochester revival ( ) brought order to a chaotic city
Revivalism appealed to the middle class as well as to the working class get ahead through moral self discipline
Churchgoers made more $ b/c of punctuality, sobriety, and discipline
The Rise of African American Churches
Independent black churches arose
African Methodist Episcopal Church became the most important black church
AME African Methodist Episcopal started in 1816 by ,000 members

7. The Significance of the Second Great Awakening
Evangelical Protestantism bolsters individualism and equality
1840 1/2 of pop. Church member (Methodist, Presbyterian, Baptist, and Congregationalist)
American idea of individualism in which each person brings about their own salvation
Appeal to the masses promoted equality and democracy

9. homework

10. Day 2

11. Women’s Sphere Women and Revivalism The Ideal of Domesticity
2:3 gender ratio of converts
Women’s roles in the Awakening led to upward change in their social lives and prospects at marriage
The Ideal of Domesticity
Market growth put pressure on traditional women’s roles from Mom and daughter power to steam and water
“sisterhood” fueled reform movements women's role as moral guide at home and in schools
Role as guardian explains role in revivalism exemplified in Catherine Beecher

12. The Middle-Class Family in Transition
25% decline in the birthrate, , rise in abortion and birth control, lead to 5.4 kids per woman
Rise of privacy and separation of work and home
Educational opportunities increased for middle-class families resulted in delayed marriages

13. American Romanticism Emerson and Transcendentalism
Emerson and American Transcendentalists emphasized feeling and intuition over reason: Unlimited potential of individual freed from restraints
Romanticism spurred the emergence of a distinct American literature emphasizing spiritual connection w/ nature
The Clash between Nature and Civilization
James F. Cooper Leatherstocking Tales emphasized the clash btwn civilization and wilderness
Thoreau emphasized individualism in Walden and “On Civil Disobedience” rejected institutions to personal rights
WAR TAX REFUSAL

14. Songs of the Self-Reliant and Darker Loomings
Walt Whitman embraced the variety in American society “Song of Myself” emotion, individual, nature
Nathaniel Hawthorne rejected the fervent American belief that the past could be escaped “The Scarlet Letter” challenged sexual and community hypocrisy in N.E.
Herman Melville wrote about nature’s destructive power Moby Dick demonstrated greed of commercialism on society and destruction of individualism that becomes monomania

15. SOAPS and 1-3

16. Day 3

17. The Age of Reform
Utopian Communities: communities that would demonstrate the possibilities of perfection
Emphasized cooperation and spiritual unity
Shaker movement grew out of the Second Great Awakening practiced celibacy and apocalyptic
The Oneida Community and complex marriage planed sexual unions through communal arrangement for scientifically perfect children

18. Socialist Communities
The Mormon Experience
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints founded by Joseph Smith
Book of Mormon and the Golden Tablets
Movement to restore the ancient church through theocracy
City of Zion: Nauvoo, Illinois baptizing the dead, eternal marriage, polygamy
1846: Mormons left Nauvoo with Brigham Young and arrived in Utah
Socialist Communities
Belief that agriculture, manufacturing, and environment could be balanced
Robert Owen and New Harmony, Indiana
Brook Farm, Massachusetts, organized by George Ripley

20. The Temperance Movement
Negative impacts of alcohol consumption
Attack on drinking by the American Temperance Society
Broad appeal of the temperance movement resulted in success
Educational Reform
Horace Mann leads common school movement establishing public schools
Increased prevalence of female education Mary Lyon founded Mt. Holyoke
The Asylum Movement
Solitary confinement and absolute silence
Dorothea Dix and care for the mentally ill

22. AP PG 118

23. Day 4

24. Abolitionism The Beginnings of the Abolitionist Movement
William Lloyd Garrison founded The Liberator (1831)—called for immediate abolition
Free blacks organized to oppose colonization arguing it was racist Fredrick Douglas, Sojurner Truth, William Still
Abolitionists view slavery as a moral evil contrary to the American revolution and idea of human rights

25. The Spread of Abolitionism
1832 American Anti-Slavery Society founded by William Lloyd Garrison, Lewis Tappan, and Theodore Weld
Abolitionists concentrated in the Northeast
Weld enrolls in 1832 at Lane Seminary rebellion in 1834 a result of abolitionist fervor and reaction to it
Many black abolitionists such as Sojourner Truth and David Walker were important in the movement
Opponents and Divisions
Divisions among abolitionists grew out of disagreements over how best to end slavery and reform society through church, revoltuion, or pacifism

27. The Women’s Rights Movement
Second class citizens
Sarah and Angeline Grimke wrote Letters on the Condition of Women and the Equality of the Sexes arguing for equal rights
Seneca Falls Convention (1848) raised the stature of the women’s rights movement Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott education, sufferage, legal,
Few victories prior to 1860
The Schism of 1840
Decision to allow female officeholders in the American Anti-Slavery Society caused a split in the abolitionist movement

28. Reform Shakes the Party System
Women and the Right to Vote
Participation in reform movements did not lead to suffrage for women
The Maine Law
1851: first law prohibiting liquor sales passed in Maine
Other states followed, but most laws struck down by courts
Divided whigs and democrats alike

29. Abolitionism and the Party System
1835: censorship of abolitionist mailings provoked nationwide controversy
“Gag rule” in 1836 tabled petitions dealing with slavery in the House of Representatives
Liberty Party founded as the political arm of the abolitionist movement
“Abolition was potentially the most dangerous… because slavery was so deeply and profitably intertwined with the industrial system. …as late as 1840 abolition lacked the power to threaten the political system.”

30. The Liberator
11-6 SOAPS and 1-3

31. Day 5