1. Variables A piece of memory set aside to store data
When declared, the memory is given a name
by using the name, we can access the data that sits in memory
we can retrieve the value, we can change the value

2. Variables a variable must be declared before it can be used type name;
type name = value;
type - the type of data to be stored
integers (int, long)
real numbers(float, double)
characters (char)
logic (bool)
name - a legal identifier
value - a literal value

3. Variables int x; int y = 0; double avgSpeed = 5.9;
boot isReady = false;

4. Variables Once declared, you just use the name to access the data
double avgSpeed = 3.5;
double time = 100.0;
double distTravelled = 0.0;
cout << avgSpeed;
avgSpeed += 1;
distTravelled = avgSpeed * time;

5. Functions Functions are blocks of code that perform a specific task
Functions are assigned a name and can be called many times
Functions can accept input and provide an output
Functions MUST be declared before they can be used
Functions that are declared MUST also be defined

6. Functions Declaring return name(type param, type param, ...);
done before use, so let's put it before our main
return name(type param, type param, ...);
return - the type of output we expect
void means no output, or
int, float, double, long, bool mean return of that type
name - a legal identifier
param - a variable to represent the input

7. Functions void printMessage(); void printNumber(int num);
bool isRobotWorking();
double areaOfCircle(double radius);
The declaration is also called the prototype

8. Functions If we declare a function, we must also define it
give it some instructions to complete its task
We usually define it near the end of out code, after the main
the definition starts with the same prototype as before
has a block of code
if an output is needed, must call return

9. Functions int myFunction(int param1, int param2); int main(){ }
return param1 + param2;

10. Functions Inside the definition we can have any legal code
variable declarations
operations
calls to other functions
The parameter variables exist as if they were declared inside the function
A function that has an output MUST call return
once return is called, the function is over

11. Functions Using functions we use functions to wrap up a block of code
this block of code is then simply called by its name
the function can be called once, or multiple times
when a function is called, we jump to its definition and execute its code, once finished we return to where the call originated and continue from there

12. Functions
Parameters
parameters are variables that hold the input to the function
when you call a function with parameters you MUST provide values to those variables
int getAvg(int num1, int num2);
to call
getAvg(3,4);
int y = 2;
int x = 3;
getAvg(y,x);

13. Functions Returns (output) cout << getAvg(3,4);
functions that return a value are used in the same manner as variables
the value can be output to the screen, put into a variable, sent into another function, used in an expression
cout << getAvg(3,4);
double y = areaOfCircle(r);
int minTemp = calcTemp(getPressure());

14. Functions Pass by Reference
if we include the & symbol before a parameter, we pass it in by reference.
Thus, any changes made to that variable are reflected in the variable that was passed into the function
int fun(int& a);

15. Functions void fun(int& a); main(){ int x = 0; fun(x);
cout << a; //what will this output? }
void fun(int& a){
a = 1

16. If statements Put a condition on a block of code
IF the condition is TRUE, the code will be executed
if(x > 3){
cout << “Success!” << endl; }
allows us to program decisions and choice

17. If Statements We can also include other options
The computer will evaluate each options condition until it finds one that is true
once a successful condition is met, the IF statement is finished
options are written else if
a “catch-all” option is written else

18. if (grade < = 100 && grade > 79){ } else if (grade > 69) {
cout << “you got an A”; }
else if (grade > 69) {
cout << “you got a B”;
else if (grade > 59){
cout << “you got a C”;
else if (grade > 49)
cout << “you got a D”;
else{
cout << “you FAILED”;
cout << “endl”;

19. While Loops Allows us to attach a condition to a block of code
The code will be executed over and over again, until the condition becomes false
if the condition never becomes false, the code never stops
if the condition is never true, the code will never be executed

20. While Loops //stores data, return false when bank is full
bool storeData(double in); …
bool readData = true;
while(readData == true){
cout << “enter your number: “ ;
cin >> inputData;
readData = storeData(inputData); }

21. Logical Expressions Evaluate to either true or false operators
>,>=, <, <=, !, ==
expressions can be combined
&& means both conditions are true
|| means either condition is true
REMEMBER OUR TRUTH TABLE!?!?

22. Terms Keyword Parameter Identifier Expression literal Logic Expression
Types
Syntax
Comments
Loop
Condition
Prototype
Declaration
Parameter
Expression
Logic Expression
Variable
Function
Compiler
Control Statement
Operator
Definition

23. Operators << >> > < >= <= == = && ! != ++ – +=-=
( )
{ } ||

24. Rules Identifiers Semi-colons Declaration Brackets
- letters, numbers, _
- can't start with number, or _
- should make sense
Semi-colons
- all expressions end with a ;
Declaration
- Functions and variables must be declared, before they are used
Brackets
- if you start a bracket, finish a bracket