1. Modern America

2. Causes of the End of the Soviet Union
1. Increasing Soviet military expenses to compete with the United States
Rising nationalism in Soviet republics
People wanted freedom
Fast-paced reforms—market economy (capitalism)
Economic inefficiency (communism didn’t work)
Last Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev’s glasnost (openness) and perestroika (economic restructuring)

3. Ronald Reagan's Effect on Ending the Cold War
2. Challenged moral legitimacy of the Soviet Union, for example, in a speech at the Berlin Wall (“Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!”)
Increased United States military and economic pressure on the Soviet Union

4. U.S. Goals and Policies After the Cold War
3. Foreign aid
Helping other countries
Humanitarian aid
Helping those that have less
Support for human rights
Equality worldwide

5. The Reagan Revolution, 1981-1989
4. tax cuts (people pay less taxes)
transfer of responsibilities to state governments (less federal power)
appointment of judges/justices who exercised “judicial restraint” (judge only objectively and not based on personal beliefs)
less government programs and regulations
strengthening of the American military
“Reagan Revolution” extends beyond Reagan

6. George H. W. Bush, 1989-1993 5. Fall of communism in Eastern Europe
Reunification of Germany
No longer West and East Germany
Collapse of Yugoslavia
Becomes Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, etc.
Breakup of the Soviet Union
Persian Gulf War of 1990–1991
First war in which American women served in a combat role
Was called Operation Desert Storm

7. William “Bill” Clinton, 1993-2001
6. North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
Full diplomatic relations with Vietnam
Lifting of economic sanctions against South Africa when her government ended the policy of apartheid
NATO action in former Yugoslavia
Bosnian War and Bosnian genocide

8. George W. Bush, 2001–2009
7. Terrorists attacks on United States soil on 9/11/2001
War in Afghanistan
War in Iraq

9. Diversity in the Supreme Court
8. Sandra Day O’Connor: first female Supreme Court Justice
Ruth Bader Ginsburg there today
9. Clarence Thomas: second African-American Supreme Court Justice
still there today
Who was first?

10. How the Supreme Court Affects Americans
protects citizens’ individual rights enumerated in the Constitution of the United States.
Bill of Rights?
identifies a constitutional basis / guarantees citizens’ right to privacy that is protected from government interference.
New Jersey v. T.L.O.
invalidates legislative acts and executive actions that are unconstitutional the justices agree exceed the authority granted to government officials by the Constitution of the United States.
Marbury v. Madison? What’s this called?