1. UNIT 8
SPANISH HEGEMONY
IN THE 16TH CENTURY

2. CASTILE AND ARAGON: A DYNASTIC UNION
1. THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD IN SPAIN
CASTILE AND ARAGON: A DYNASTIC UNION
The Modern Age began in Spain with the reign of the Catholic Monarchs
They took the first steps towards Sapanish hegemony, in Europe, consolidated in the 16th century by Charles I and Philip II

3. CASTILE AND ARAGON: A DYNASTIC UNION
1. THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD IN SPAIN
CASTILE AND ARAGON: A DYNASTIC UNION
The marriage between Isabella I of Castilla and Ferdinand II of Aragón in 1469 was the first step towards the union between the kingdom of Castilla and the states integrated under the Crown of Aragón
The union was made effective in 1479, but it was only dynastic union
Each territory kept their respective institutions, laws and monetary systems
However, they stablished some commmon aims for both crowns

4. TERRITORIAL AND RELIGIOUS UNITY
1. THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD IN SPAIN
TERRITORIAL AND RELIGIOUS UNITY
To achieve religious unity the Catholic Monarchs created the Tribunal of the Inquisition in 1478, which meant to ensure orthodoxy of the Catholic faith
The first step towards territorial unity was incorporating Nasrid kingdom of Granada in 1492 that put an end to the peninsular conquest
Laws were passed ordering Jews (in 1492) and Muslims (in 1500)
the process culminated in the integration of the kingdom of Navarra (1512)
They also prepared themselves for a future union with Potugal through marriage alliances
Isabella of Spain: Crusader Queen (6:28)

5. THE POWER OF THE MONARCHY
1. THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD IN SPAIN
THE POWER OF THE MONARCHY
The Catholic Monarchs established the modern state and authoritarian monarchy in Spain. This was achieved throuug a number of measures:
They imposed their authority reducing the power of nobles and other groups
They controlled the possesions of the military orders
They reduced the autonomy of towns and cities by appointing corregidores to represent them
The Cortes were summoned as little as possible
They improved the administration of the state by creating councils made up of jurists. Courts of justice were stablished that created the Santa Hermandad and modernised the army organising it into tercios.
They had a common foreign policy. By supporting each other Aragón recovered Naples, Sicily, the Rousillon and Cerdanya from France; while Casilla gained territories in Africa (Melilla, Oran, Algiers and Tripoli) and continued Atlantic expansion: Canary I. and America (1492)

6. 1. THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD IN SPAIN
Which Iberian territories were joined to Castilla and Aragón during the kingdoms of the Catholic Monarchs?
Which territories outside the Iberian Peninsula were incorporated into Castilla and Aragón?

7. 2. THE SPANISH HEGEMONY: CHARLES I AND PHILIP II
INTERNAL CONFLICTS
In the 16th century Charles I ( ) and Philip II ( ) ruled over the most powerful country in Europe, with dominions all over the world. However, they had to deal with a number of conflicts:
Charles I, the revolt of the Comuneros in Castilla ( ) and the revolt of the Brotherhoods in Valencia
Philip II: the revolt of the Moriscos(1568) in Granada and the Revolt in Aragon (Antonio Pérez)
The first conflict was caused by pressures on Muslims to abandon their religion and culture. The revolt in Aragón broke out over the defense of the region´s fueros and traditional rights.
When Charles arrived in Spain after the death of his grandfather, Ferdinand the Catholic, he was seen as a foreigner because he could not speak in Spanish and he left government matters to his Flemish councillors. He also asked for large sums of money to help him to finance his election as Emperor.
Carlos V, un monarca, un imperio y una espada. (50´)

8. The inheritance of Charles I
2. THE SPANISH HEGEMONY: CHARLES I AND PHILIP II
The inheritance of Charles I
From his paternal and maternal grandparents, Charles I inherited a large number of territories in the center of Europe and in Italy, to which he added new conquests in America and also in Europe

9. 2. THE SPANISH HEGEMONY: CHARLES I AND PHILIP II
The empire of Philip II
Philip II did not inherit his father´s central European territories (to avoid him more problems…) but he incorporated the Philippines and the Kingdom of Portugal with its enormous empire (1580). He thus created and empire on which, as was said at the time “the sun never sets”

10. The expansion of the Ottoman Empire
2. THE SPANISH HEGEMONY: CHARLES I AND PHILIP II
EXTERNAL CONFLICTS
Rivalry with France
France found itself surrounded by the European domions of the Habsburgs and there was a confrontation with Francis I over the control of the north of Italy. The conflict continued until Philip II defeated the French at the battle of St. Quentin (1557)
The expansion of the Ottoman Empire
The Turks were a threat to the Empire in Central Europe and in the Mediterranean, wher they allied themselves with pirates from North Africa. The problem remained until Philip II agreed to an alliance with Venice and the Pope to form a fleet, which defeated the Turks at the Battle of Lepanto (1571)
The protestant issue
The German princes who had converted to Lutheranism, demanded autonomy from Charles I. After several wars he recognised religious freedom in Germany (Peace of Augsburgo, 1555)

11. the rebellion of the Low Countries
2. THE SPANISH HEGEMONY: CHARLES I AND PHILIP II
EXTERNAL CONFLICTS
the rebellion of the Low Countries
The Geman princes, who had converted to Lutheranism, demanded autonomy. In 1556 they rebelled against Philip II and in 1579 they declared themselves independent and formed the United Provinces; however, war with Spain continued
War with England
England supported the Dutch rebellion and the pirate attacks on Spanish ships trading with the Americas. Philip II planned to invade the island by sending the Spanish Armada with the added intention of returning England to Catholicism. The attack on England in 1588 failed, it was the major defeat for the Spanish monarchy
Felipe II (50´)

12. VICEROYS ARMY: TERCIOS
5. POLITICS, ECONOMY AND SOCIETY
The form of government
During the 16th century it was the authoritarian monarchy.
Charles I and Philip II exercised power diretly, thoug they were assisted royal secretaries, councils and well-organised administration.
VICEROYS
ARMY: TERCIOS
The army was very important due to constant wars started by the monarchy. They were organised into tercios military units composed of specialisaed infantry, artillery and cavalry corps
Governing territories was achieved through an association of states, which were ruled over by the same monarch but maintained their own institutions, lows and countries
Tercios españoles “batalla de Rocroi” (1643) (5:20)

13. directed Assisted by THE KING controlled Foreign policy
5. POLITICS, ECONOMY AND SOCIETY
Foreign policy
directed
Domestic policy
Secretaries
Castilla, The Indies, Aragón, Italy, Portugal, Flanders
territorial
Councils
THE KING
Assisted by
sectoral
State, War, Public finances, Crusades, Military orders
Centralised administration
Parliament
Municipalities
controlled
Privileged classes

14. CROWN OF ARAGON ECONOMY
5. POLITICS, ECONOMY AND SOCIETY
Population growth
The 16th century was a time of relative economic prosperity. This permitted population growth, which reached eight million inhabitants. Castilla, with 6,1 million, was the most populous kingdom.
CROWN OF ARAGON ECONOMY
CASTILLIAN ECONOMY
Its economy went through a phase of expansion in the first half of the 16th century, as trade with the Americas brought enormous wealth. Growth then stopped, as the profits were not invested in improving agriculture or crafts, but rather to finance the imperial wars and commercial debts with Europe
The economy of the Crown of Aragón suffered a , due to the crisis of Catalan and Valencian tade as a result of the transfer of this activity to the Atlantic Ocean
inflaction
In adittion there was considerable in the prices of products, due to the icrease in preciouls metals from America

15. IT CONTINUED TO BE COMPOSED MAINLY OF PEASANTS.
5. POLITICS, ECONOMY AND SOCIETY
NOBILITY
CLERGY
THIRD STATE
THEY WERE SUBJECT TO THE ROYAL AUTHORITY, HOWEVER THEY MAINTAINED THEIR PRIVILEGES, THEIR SOCIAL PRESTIGE AND THEIR ECONOMIC POWER
PRIVILEGED GROUPS
IT CONTINUED TO BE COMPOSED MAINLY OF PEASANTS.
THERE WASN´T A REAL MIDDLE CLASS DUE TO THE ARISTOCRATIC MENTALITY THIS ESTATE ASSUMED (REJECTING COMMERCE AND MANUAL ACTIVITIES)
PRIVILEGED
NOT

16. 3. THE CONQUEST AND CONTROL OF THE AMERICAS
Can you imagine the reaction of the native people when they saw the conquistdores for the first time?
Captain Dale Day tells about Hernán Cortés conquest of America (9:00)

17. Exploration and conquest of new territories
3. THE CONQUEST AND CONTROL OF THE AMERICAS
Exploration and conquest of new territories
Mostly during the reign of Charles I
( )
Vasco Núñez de Balboa (1513) discovered the Pacific Ocean
Magellan and Elcano first circumnavigated the world
( )
HERNÁN CORTÉS AND THE CONQUEST OF THE AZTEC EMPIRE (MEXICO)
Thanks to 11 galleons and 550 soldiers and the alliance of the Spaniards with other tribes, rivals to the Aztecs. Moctezuma was made prisioner in 1521

18. A rapid conquist due to… what?
A really brief and simple description of what it was the Inca Empire (3:30)
3. THE CONQUEST AND CONTROL OF THE AMERICAS
Two mniutes long video with some images of the Maya empire. Really simple
Francisco Pizarro conquered the Inca Empire (now Perú) in 1531
He took advantage of the internal conflict between the king, Atahualpa, and his brother Huasca
A rapid conquist due to… what?
Spanish troops were significantly outnumbered but they used modern weapons and cavalry
Other conquests
They continued with the rest of Central and South America (except Brasil) and the south of North America (Florida, Texas and California)
More than wars, disease was responsible for the lack of itial reaction to the new conquerors (in 30 years population decreased from 32 to5 million people)

19. THE GOVERNING OF THE INDIAS
3. THE CONQUEST AND CONTROL OF THE AMERICAS
THE GOVERNING OF THE INDIAS
THE ADMINISTRATION WAS ORGANISED IN VICEROYALTIES, LARGE TERRITORIES CONTROLLED BY A VICEROY, WHO WAS A DIRECT REPRESENTATIVE OF THE KING.
GOVERNING THE NEW TERRITORIES WAS THE RESPONSABILITY OF THE COUNCIL OF INDIES, CREATED IN 1524, WHICH CONTROLLED AFFAIRS IN THE AMERICAS
NEW SPAIN
PERU

20. TRADE THE ECONOMIC EXPLOTATION OF THE INDIES MINING
4. THE CONQUEST AND CONTROL OF THE AMERICAS
THE ECONOMIC EXPLOTATION OF THE INDIES
MINING
The first goal of the European explorers was to obtain gold and silver, so mining became the main activity of colonisers
The explotation of silver mines, especially Zacatecas in Mexico and Potosí in Perú, was done through the paid, but forced, labour of the Indians
AGRICULTURE
Agriculture was practised on large agrarian properties, the haciendas for land farming and the estancias or ranches for cattle farming. The workers were either Indians or black slaves
TRADE
Spaniards took to America crops from Europe (wheat, barley, oats, vines and olives) and from Asia (coffee and sugar) and unknown animals there (horses, cows, pigs and paultry)
Trade with the West Indies was the monopoly of Castile. This trade was organised from Sevilla, where the House of Trade (1503) had a register of every ship (and its cargo) leaving and returning to the Americas
The American colonies provided Europe with new plants (corn, potatoes, tomatoes, beans, pepper and tobacco, cocoa) and animals like turkeys
These products changed the eating habits of the Europeans

21. THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE CONQUEST
4. THE CONQUEST AND CONTROL OF THE AMERICAS
THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE CONQUEST
CASTILE
NATIVE PEOPLE
Americpa financed Spanish hegemony in the 16th century. Many Spaniards emigrated . The economy grew adn prices rose as there was an abundance of precious metals. The new world pushed new discoveries in sciences, such as cartography, geography and biology
In this case the conquest had mostly negative consequences:
Their empires were destroyed
They had to abandon their tradictions, their culture and their economic organisation
Their population also fell because of they were not immune to the new diseases that Europeans brought and many were forced to work in terrible conditions
Religion was important issue in the colonies, as the Spaniards believed that it was their mission to Christianise the natives. In this process of religious conversion indigenous practices were suppressed, often by force
RELIGION

23. QUESTIONS?
COMMENTS?
CONCERNS?