1. A Visual Tour of the Effect of per Capita Income
-around the world in 30 minutes-

2. Bhutan Per capita income: $174 Population doubling time: 30 years
Male life expectancy: 47 years
Female life expectancy: 49 years
Fertility rate: 5.9 children/woman
Population density: 94/sq mile

4. Mali Per capita income: $251 Population doubling time: 20 years
Male life expectancy: 47 years
Female life expectancy: 50 years
Fertility rate: 7.1 children/woman
Population density: 22.6/ sq mile

6. Haiti Per capita income: $374 Population doubling time: 35 years
Male life expectancy: 53 years
Female life expectancy: 56 years
Fertility rate: 4.8 children/woman
Population density: 666/sq mile

8. China Per capita income: $364 Population doubling time: 49 years
Male life expectancy: 67 years
Female life expectancy: 71 years
Fertility rate: 2.2 children/woman
Population density: 335/ sq mile

10. Guatemala Per capita income: $944 Population doubling time: 24 years
Male life expectancy: 61 years
Female life expectancy: 66 years
Fertility rate: 5.4 children/woman
Population density: 252/ sq mile

12. Uzbekistan Per capita income: $978
Population doubling time: years
Male life expectancy: 66 years
Female life expectancy: 73 years
Fertility rate: 4.4 children/woman
Population density: 132/sq mile

14. Thailand Per capita income: $1697 Population doubling time: 55 years
Male life expectancy: 66 years
Female life expectancy: 72 years
Fertility rate: 2.2 children/woman
Population density: 294/sq mile

16. Mongolia Per capita income: $1820 Population doubling time: 27 years
Male life expectancy: 61 years
Female life expectancy: 64 years
Fertility rate: 4.6 children/woman
Population density: 4/ sq mile

18. Cuba Per capita income: $2,000 Population doubling time: 78 years
Male life expectancy: 74 years
Female life expectancy: 79
Fertility rate: 1.9 children/woman
Population density: 259/sq mile

20. Israel Per capita income: $12,293 Population doubling time: 15 years
Male life expectancy: 74 years
Female life expectancy: 78 years
Fertility rate: 2.2 children/woman
Population density: 751/ sq mile

22. Japan Per capita income: $26,824 Population doubling time: 183 years
Male life expectancy: 76 years
Female life expectancy: 82 years
Fertility rate: 1.7 children/woman
Population density: 862/ sq mile

24. Kuwait Per capita income: $16,380 Population doubling time: -- years
Male life expectancy: 72 years
Female life expectancy: 76 years
Fertility rate: 3.7 children/woman
Population density: 174/ sq mile

26. United States Per capita income: $26,000
Population doubling time: 88 years
Male life expectancy: 74 years
Female life expectancy: 78 years
Fertility rate: 2.1 children/woman
Population density: 77/ sq mile

28. Relation of Values to Development
What are the results of increasing GNP?
Life Expectancy vs GNP
Well Being vs GNP (actual)
Well Being vs GNP (theoretical)

29. GNP vs Life Expectancy

30. GNP versus Well Being

31. Generalized GNP vs Well-being Curve

32. Environmental Problems in Survival Phase
Disease
Injury
Starvation
Environment is viewed as another external controlling force to be overcome; impacts result in a new environmental form that is neither better or worst

33. Environmental Problems in Pre-modern Phase
Plagues, famines
Wars
Drinking water contamination
Environment is viewed as nurturing and resistant to human impacts; however, big impacts can bring disaster to family

34. Environmental Problems in Modern Phase
Accidents
Water, wastewater and air pollution
Industrial, toxic, and hazardous wastes
Environment is viewed as a source of raw materials and as resistant to human impacts; big impacts can bring disaster to corporations and bureaucracies

35. Environmental Problems in Post-modern Phase
Crowding
Solid wastes
Non-point chemicals
Old age
Resource depletion
Large-scale accidents
Global disruption of natural cycles
Epidemics

36. Environmental Problems in Post-modern Phase
For individualist, impacts to the environmental are often seen as incremental and inconsequential. Environment is often seen as another consumptive good.
For egalitarian, any impact to the environment may be disastrous. Impacts are seen as additive. The environment is seen as a place to create the “good society.”

37. Important Environmental Values
Value of non-human life?
Preservation of richness and diversity of life forms?
No, minimal, or tolerable human impacts?
Sustainability?
Conservation of areas with no human impact?

38. Important Environmental Values

39. Old Interaction of Environmental Engineering with Society
Perceived Need
Design It
Build It
Environmental
engineering
Deal with Impacts

40. New Interaction of Environmental Engineering with Society
Hierarchical
Needs
Survival
Needs
Design,
build, minimize
impacts
Environmental Engineering
Egalitarian
Needs
Individual
Needs