1. Protests to Reform the Catholic Church
The Reformation
Protests to Reform the Catholic Church

2. What do you see here. Why is the man tied
What do you see here? Why is the man tied? What do you think the mad did to receive such a harsh punishment? Why would the Church order the execution of certain individuals?

3. In the late 1300’s, John Wycliffe, a scholar at Oxford University in England, questioned the authority of Church teachings.
This is after the Great Schism.

4. Wycliffe said that the Bible, not the Church, is the supreme source of religious authority.
Notes: Wycliff –
Translated Bible into English
His ideas, spread and influenced other reformers.

5. Notes: Jan Huss:
Criticized the wealth of the Church.
He believed people should have access to God without church.
Opposed the selling of Indulgences and Simony.
Burned at the stake for heresy

6. Huss was charged with heresy
Huss was charged with heresy. Because these views were declared to be against the teaching of the Church, Huss was burned at the stake.

8. Martin Luther
Born 1483, in Eisleben, Germany
Died in 1546
Martin Luther King, Jr.
Born 1929, in Atlanta, Georgia, USA
Died in 1968
These two gentlemen were born 446 years apart, on two separate continents!

9. What do you see here?
Evidence:
Inference:
Schema:
Conclusion:

10. Notes: Martin Luther- 1483-1546 A German monk
Unhappy about the sale of Indulgences
He nailed his 95 Theses or complaints to the church door in Wittenberg on Oct. 31st 1517
This led to the Protestant Reformation.
Luther in 1529 by Lucas Cranach

11. Reformation: This is a term meaning “change” or “reform”
Reformation: This is a term meaning “change” or “reform”. It came about because people wanted a change in the way the Church taught and practiced Christianity.
Protestant: This is the term that was applied to anyone who left the Roman Catholic Church
The Protestant Reformation: A movement started by the nailing of the 95 Theses by Martin Luther in response to the corruption in the Catholic Church. Many individuals and countries broke away from the Church during this time.

12. Martin Luther was born in Saxony, Germany, in 1483
In 1505, after being caught in a storm, he made a vow that if he survived, he would become a monk.
One of the things that troubled him the most about the Church was the sale of Indulgences.
He believed only God could grant forgiveness for sins.

13. Gutenberg Bible, from Library of Congress
While studying St. Paul’s Letter to the Romans in the Bible, Luther came across the passage:
By faith are you saved

14. Excommunicated Martin Luther
Notes: Leo X
A Medici
He used Indulgences to raise money for the rebuilding of St. Peter’s Church in Rome
Excommunicated Martin Luther
In 1517, Pope Leo X allowed the Archbishop Albrecht of Mainz, Germany, to hold THREE offices at once.
Albrecht took out a loan from a bank to pay the Pope. Then he hired a monk to come to Mainz to sell indulgences.
Leo X arranged with Albrecht that one half of the proceeds from the sale of the indulgences would go directly to the bank to pay off the loan.
The other half would go to the rebuilding of St. Peter’s Church in Rome.

15. Luther was outraged!
In response, he wrote a document, which is now called the Ninety-Five Theses,
He hoped to start a debate on Church abuses.
One of the things he questioned was the validity of indulgences.
These he posted outside the Wittenberg Church, in October of 1517.

16. Luther’s views attracted many Germans who resented Italian control of the Church hierarchy, and the pope’s meddling in political affairs.
Germany, at the time, was not a unified country, but a number of small kingdoms, or principalities, under the control of the Holy Roman Emperor.
The princes of many of these small principalities saw Luther’s reforms as a way to escape the control of the Holy Roman Empire.

17. Pope, Leo X, ordered Luther to report to Church officials
Luther was given an official document saying he had 60 days to renounce his statements.
Martin Luther burned the document = excommunicated.
Frederick I of Saxony protected Luther to reduce the Popes power in his state.
The prince of Saxony, Frederick I, advised Luther not to go and promised to protect Luther.
Frederick made this promise because he wanted to reduce the Pope’s power in his principality.

19. These reforms touched off widespread revolt in Germany
These reforms touched off widespread revolt in Germany. Luther supported the seizing of Church land and the refusal to pay Church fees.
In 1524, however, bands of peasants began to ransack monasteries and castles, believing that everyone was equal under God. This rebellion was suppressed, after more than 100,000 peasants were killed.
Why did the peasants rebel?

20. Effects of the Reformation:
In 1529, the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, tried to force all German states to re-institute Catholic practices.
Those who refused became known as the Protesting Estates.
Notes:
In 1555 Charles V, signed the Peace of Augsburg.
Result: each German prince could choose either Catholic or Protestant, for their States

21. Ulrich Zwingli Notes: Ulrich Zwingli: 1484-1531 a Swiss reformer
He mixed religious and political goals
Developed a church with no singing, images,
Anti-Catholic views led to war

23. John Calvin Notes: John Calvin 1509-1564 A French reformer.
Taught “Predestination”
Bible should be in peoples language

25. Henry VIII Notes: Henry VIII 1491-1547
King of England, devout Catholic/Absolute Monarch
He broke with the Church when denied a divorce
1533 Declared himself Head of the Church of England
Result: Protestant Reformation began in England for political reasons

26. Henry’s brother Arthur died, their father asked the Pope to allow Henry to marry his brothers wife.
Henry was only 10 years old
On June 17, 1509, 17 year old Henry married Catherine of Aragon.
On June 23, 1509, he was crowned King of England. The first few years of their marriage was happy. Yet, after a number of years, Henry remained heirless.
Catherine and Henry had six children, only one of whom, a daughter, survived infancy.
Henry wanted a male heir, so he petitioned the Pope for an annulment, but the Pope refused.

27. Henry refused to accept the Pope’s decision
Henry refused to accept the Pope’s decision. In 1533, he secretly married Anne Boleyn, who was pregnant with their child. The Pope excommunicated Henry.
According to the Pope, however, Henry VIII was a bigamist, since his marriage to Catherine was never officially dissolved.
Henry responded by writing the Act of Supremacy – declaring He was the Head of the Church. The Anglican church was formed as a new Protestant church.
Henry also took all Catholic lands and property for the Monarchy.

30. Side note to Henry VIII:
Anne Boleyn gave birth to one daughter, Elizabeth, who eventually became Queen of England. Anne Boleyn was executed by Henry in 1536, for adultery.
Henry then married Jane Seymour in She died shortly after giving birth to Henry’s only surviving son, Edward, in 1537.

31. Henry’s fourth wife was Anne of Cleves.
He married her by proxy
Once he met her, the marriage was quickly annulled.
He married his 5th wife, Katherine Howard, in Like her cousin, Anne Boeyln, She also was executed for adultery
He married his final wife, Catherine Parr, in Henry VIII died in 1547