1. Outcome: Martin Luther and the Reformation

2. Constructive Response Question
What drove Martin Luther to write the 95 Theses and what was the outcome of that action?

3. What Will We Learn About?
Causes of the Reformation (Social, Political, Economic, Religious causes)
Martin Luther
The 95 Theses
Response to Luther

4. The Reformation Setting the stage:
By the tenth century, the Roman Catholic Church dominated religious life in Northern and Western Europe. Without a common government in Europe, the Catholic Pope became an important political leader.
Many people began to criticize the Church’s practices
People felt that Church leaders were too interested in worldly pursuits, such as gaining wealth and political power

5. The Reformation
Reformation: A movement of religious reform.

6. 2. Causes of The Reformation
Social
Renaissance values led people to question the Church
The printing press helped to spread ideas critical of the Church
Political
Monarchs (kings) challenged the Church as the supreme power in Europe
Many leaders viewed the pope as a foreign ruler and challenged his authority

7. 2. Causes of The Reformation
Economic
European princes and kings were jealous of the Church’s wealth
Merchants and others resented having to pay taxes to the Church
Religious
Some Church leaders had become worldly (secular) and corrupt
Many people found Church practices such as indulgences as unacceptable

8. 2. Causes of The Reformation
Other examples:
Pope Alexander VI admitted that he had fathered several children
Many priests and monks were poorly educated and couldn’t teach people
Other clergy married, drank, or gambled
Simony – Priests were required to go through rigorous training in a monastery…but some church positions were sold to the highest bidder
Lay investiture - feudal lords would use their influence to have friends or children named as priests

9. In the 1300s, Reformers like John Wycliffe & priest Jan Hus attacked corruptions like indulges, said that the Bible (not the Pope) was the ultimate authority on Christianity, & wanted church teachings in the vernacular (local language) not Latin

10. Title
Catholic leaders responded to these criticisms by executing Wycliffe & Hus
Text

11. The Protestant Reformation
By the early 1500s, the Catholic Church was in turmoil over the controversy of corruption & its unwillingness to adopt reforms
In Germany, a Catholic monk named Martin Luther became involved in a serious dispute with the Catholic Church

12. Martin Luther

13. Martin Luther and the Reformation
Luther Challenges the Church
Martin Luther
Parents wanted him to be a lawyer, became a monk and teacher instead
Taught scripture at University of Wittenberg in German state of Saxony
His 95 Theses began the Reformation
Martin Luther believed it was ok for clergy to marry and he did so

14. Martin Luther and the Reformation
The 95 Theses
Luther took a stand against Johann Tetzel who was selling indulgences to pay for the rebuilding of St. Peter’s Cathedral in Rome
Indulgences: A pardon which released a sinner from performing the penalty a priest imposed for sins.
Indulgences were not supposed to affect God’s right to judge
Tetzel gave people impression that they were buying their way into heaven
On October 31, 1517 Martin Luther posted his 95 Theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg
The 95 Theses were formal statements attacking “pardon- merchants”
Martin Luther’s actions began the Reformation

15. Martin Luther and the Reformation
Luther’s Teachings
Good works not needed for salvation, a person could win salvation based on faith
Church teachings should be based on Bible not pope or Church traditions which could be corrupt or false
Priests not needed to interpret the Bible because all people with faith were equals

16. Protestant Churches in France (Late 16c)

17. Martin Luther and the Reformation
Response to Luther
Pope Leo X threatened Luther with excommunication if he didn’t take back his statements
Instead of taking statements back, Luther burned the pope’s decree
Leo then excommunicated Luther
Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (Catholic) summoned Luther to Worms in to recant (take back) his statements. (Diet of Worms)
Charles issues Edict of Worms ---> declared Luther an outlaw and heretic and no one was to give him food or shelter.
Frederick the Wise of Saxony sheltered Luther ---> While there Luther translated the New Testament into German
In 1522 Luther returned to Wittenberg and his followers became known as Lutherans
The princes in Germany that supported Luther banded together to protest against those who were against Luther’s ideas, became known as Protestants

19. Martin Luther’s stand against the Catholic Church led to the formation of a new Christian denomination known as Lutheranism
Lutheranism was the first of a series of “Protestant” Christian faiths that broke from the Catholic Church

20. Other Reformations Ulrich Zwingli in Switzerland
Theocracy
A government in which church and state are joined and in which officials are considered to be divinely inspired.
A system of government where priests rule in the name of God.
John Calvin in Switzerland
Predestination
God knows who will be saved, even before people are born, and therefore guides the lives of those destined fore salvation.
John Knox in Scotland
Laid grounds for Presbyterian Church

21. In England, the Reformation began with the King!
King Henry VIII
The king who had six wives…
He wants a SON!
King Henry’s older brother Arthur (named after the famous tale King Author and the Knights of the Round Table) dies… Author was married to Catherine of Argon (from Spain) before she married Henry. This becomes the grounds for his annulment (because Catherine can’t produce a son). She does however give birth to a daughter named Mary. She later becomes a queen of England and restores the Catholic Church! History knows her as Bloody Mary.
Catherine of Aragon, Henry's first wife.  Catherine, a Princess of Spain, was married to Henry for many years.  Her determination to stay married to Henry, in the face of his desire for Anne Boleyn, would change the course of history forever.
Anne Boleyn, Henry's second wife, and the mother of Queen Elizabeth I.  Henry fell passionately in love with Anne while married to Catherine of Aragon.  He waited several years to marry Anne, but, ironically, lost his desire for her once she became his Queen.
Jane Seymour, Henry's beloved third Queen.  Gentle, capable Jane gave Henry his long-awaited male heir after one year of marriage.  Sadly, she gave her life to do so.
Anne of Cleves, Henry's fourth wife.  This German princess served as Queen for only a few months before she and Henry agreed to divorce by mutual consent.
Katherine Howard, Henry's fifth wife.  Henry's marriage to this sensuous teenager brought him brief happiness, but ended in tragedy. 
Katherine Parr, Henry's sixth Queen.  This intelligent, loyal, forward-thinking Renaissance woman outlived three husbands, including Henry, and went on to finally marry the man of her choice.

22. Henry VIII, King of England, was at first a loyal Catholic but broke with the church for two reasons:
1) The pope refused to grant him a divorce from his Spanish wife, Catherine of Aragon.
2) He desired for the crown the extensive Church properties in England.
Henry induced Parliament to pass the Act of Supremacy (1534), which instituted the Anglican Church of England, independent of Rome and under the leadership of the English ruler.

24. Henry VIII needed a son to carry on the Tudor line.
First wife was Catherine of Aragon. They had a daughter, Mary, and got divorced.
2. Anne Boleyn – daughter, Elizabeth, was beheaded.
3. Jane Seymour – SON Edward. Died in childbirth.
4. Anne of Cleaves – German Princess. Divorced.
5. Katherine Howard – English, 15, committed adultery and was beheaded.
6. Catherine Parr – English. Survived Henry VIII.

25. Henry’s Children:
Edward VI: Becomes King at 10 years old.
Ruled for a short time before dying (sick)
Strengthened break with Catholic Church
Gave Church lands to Nobles to gain support
Mary: Came to throne
Tried to force England back to Catholicism
Killed over 300 Protestants at once (Bloody Mary)
Married Spanish King; became sick and died
Elizabeth became queen (never married)
Went back to Protestantism
Church of England was reestablished
Most beloved ruler in English history to most

26. Constructive Response Question
What drove Martin Luther to write the 95 Theses and what was the outcome of that action?