1. Seminar Synopsis Ryan Schlimmer October 6, 2005

2. Observing bodies. Camera surveillance and the significance of the body Lynsey Dubbeld Ethics and Information Technology Volume 5, Issue 3 Pages September 2003

3. General Outline Thesis Conducted studies Asymmetrical relationship
Ethical problems
Effects on the innocent
Summary
Conclusion

4. Thesis
Ethical and social issues arise from the use of Closed-Circuit Televisions in surveillance

5. Studies Past studies This paper
Examine the effectiveness in public and privacy protections
Fail at making sure ethical issues do not arise while during effectiveness
This paper
Focuses on the roles the body plays

6. Changes in Surveillance
From direct observation into virtual through new technologies
Research on effectiveness vs. privacy in public
Information and Communication Technologies and ethical issues

7. The Paradox Increased by new technologies
Records our bodies, actions, and behavior
Turned into virtual representations
The body is the focus of attention while also being lost through virtual representations

8. Ethical Examples Categorization and classification
Physical characteristics
Behavioral changes

9. Conducted Studies Disproportionate targeting Norris and Armstrong
British town centre CCTV schemes
Categorized based on the standards of the operators
Normative categories
Moral convictions
Operation based on assessment, categorization, and evaluation of the body
Flagged by certain actions or bodily characteristics

10. Conducted Studies Cont.
Categories: youth, known and potential shoplifters, and homeless
Example: close monitoring of young black men for long periods of time
Ways to approach cameras to get different amounts of attention
Attention with provoking behavior
Can appear as a passive subject
Example: resistance of observation

11. Asymmetrical Relationship
Relationship between the watchers and the watched
Electronic monitoring is not neutral
Embodiment
Visibility
Knowledge

12. Embodiment Operators are beyond scrutiny due to physical separation
Operators are physically involved
Examples: camera monitoring, deployment, profile setup
Observed people only play a disembodied role

13. Visibility
The observed have little means to find out who is watching them
Operators are under different scrutiny compared to the observed population
Operators are not exposed and can not be watched back

14. Knowledge People may not know if they are even being watched
Operators have technologies at their disposal
Organizations posses more information, instruments, and techniques for processing

15. Effects on People Positive Negative Feeling of protection
Censoring of actions and illegal behavior
Negative
Intrusion of life
Feelings related to self-image, self-determination, self-respect, freedom, etc.
Shapes individuals not doing wrong
Brief and concise behavior

16. Risk of Democratic Rights
Racial discrimination
Studies found that ethnicity was one of the major criteria groups used
Presumption of innocence
Scrutinized and judged based on bodily appearance
Unreasonable search
A “fishing expedition,” intruding upon peoples lives to catch the few minor offenders

17. Privacy and Surveillance
Stanley I. Benn
Argued that people deserve consideration in their life plans and choices
Jeff Johnson
“immunity from the judgment of others.”
CCTV surveillance
Categorization of people and therefore an intrusion of privacy

18. Effects
Ethnicity and other discriminatory factors used to categorize people
Flagged without the ability to defend
Destruction of anonymities in public
Haggerty and Ericson
“The disappearance of disappearance.”
Example: Tampa, Florida football game

19. Privacy Protection
Different ways to protect the privacy of the observed
Protect personal information
Be left alone

20. Summary Positive and negative effects The person is lost
Categorizing of bodily characteristics
Discrimination based on appearance
Observed by elements of the operator
Intrusion upon lives

21. Possible Solution
Explicitly define what privacy is in relation to Close-Circuit television surveillance

22. Questions?