1. Campylobacter jejuni and you
Veronica Brock, Ph.D. student Walden University PUBH 8165-x Instructor: Dr. Raymond Thron Summer, 2012

2. This presentation focuses on methods to increase the publics knowledge of campylobacter jejuni in the community. It offers some suggestions on how to prevent the spread of this bacteria. This presentation is directed to the conventional consumer.

3. One of the most common causes of bacterial diarrhea in the United States is Campylobacter, with over 2 million cases each year (Center for Disease Control, 2011).
Campylobacter is now the leading cause human gastroenteritis in many developing countries with enteritis in humans caused mainly by Campylobacter Jejuni (Hermans, et al., 2011). Three times more infective than Salmonella.

4. Campylobacter jejuni (C jejuni) is accountable for more than 90% of human campylobacteriosis (Hwang, Jeon, Yun, & Ryu, 2011)
Cause of travelers diarrhea Associated with enteric illness

5. The leading cause of food poisoning in humans
Gram negative bacteria s-shaped or spiral rods
A polar tail at one or both ends
C. jejuni is a gram-negative bacterium is approximately 0.5 microns wide and 2 microns long with a polar tail for motility at one or both ends (Center for Disease Control, 2011). It is microaerophilic and thermophilic, this bacterium grows best in environments with little or no oxygen. This makes the intestines of warm blooded organisms, particularly birds, and the optimal environment for C. jejuni to grow. The infective dose of C. Jejuni is usually less than 500 organisms (Viray & Lynch, 2011).

6. Most people who become infected with C
Most people who become infected with C. jejuni develop fever, diarrhea and abdominal cramping within three to five days of exposure (Center for Disease Control, 2010). Stools may be bloody. The course of the infection may last 7-10 days (Food Safety.Gov).
Headache, right lower abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, tenesmus

7. Although rare, studies have established a relationship between Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) and C. jejuni infection, which showed that one-fourth to one-third of GBS patients developed the syndrome after being infected (Yuki, et al., 2004).
Meningitis, recurrent colitis, acute cholecystitis are also rare complications of C.jejuni infections (U.S. Food and drug Administration, 2012) and

8. Death
The estimated case/fatality ratio for all C. jejuni infections is 0.1, meaning one death per 1,000 cases (U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2012).

9. Mode of transmission Is transmitted C. Jejuni
through
Poultry contaminated with intestinal spillage during slaughter could contaminate cooling water, knives, and poultry meat in processing plants. Uncooked poultry, unpasteurized milk, untreated water in streams and ponds are sources of infection.

10. Inadequately cooked poultry
Unpasteurized milk
Inadequately cooked poultry
Transmission to humans most often occurs through consumption and handling of contaminated chicken products contaminated with this pathogen (Hermans, et al., 2011). Surveys show that 20 to 100 percent of all retail chickens are contaminated with C. jejuni (U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2012).
Untreated water

11. Most cases are isolated sporadic events, caused by eating raw or uncooked food, not as outbreaks (Center for Disease Control, 2010)
Which makes the most efficient route between chance of exposure and case of exposure

12. YOU

13. EMERGING RESISTANCE
C. jejuni infections are usually self limiting, and therefore not treated. There is also no known vaccine for this bacterium. Persons who are immunocompromised are sometimes treated prophylactically with antibiotics to prevent complications that could arise related to C. jejuni infections. Future treatment of campylobacter may be complicated by a growing resistance to antibiotics (Center for Disease Control, 2011). The indiscriminant use of antibiotics has lead to a growing resistance to current antibiotic treatments which are still effective such as erythromycin and azithromycin.

14. Fluoroquinolone resistance is now recognized as an emerging public health problem (Engberg, Aarestrup, Taylor, Gerner-Smidt, & Nachamkin, 2001)

15. There is evidence that an acquired immunity has been obtained from studies in industrialized countries.
Resistance to colonization was seen in children in developing countries accompanied by a shift in the illness-to-infection ratio for children between 2-5 years of age.
Not only has C. jejuni become resistant to us, studies show that we are becoming resistant to the bacteria.

16. THE BEST DEFENSE PREVENTION

17. Agencies working to prevent the spread of
C. jejeuni
FSIS
USDA
HCCPS
At the federal level, the Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) enforce sanitation standards of industries to reduce contamination and maintain extensive safe food handling education programs to help individuals prevent the spread of disease ((United Stated Department of Agriculture, 2011)). The Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) clarifies the responsibility of industry and the FSIS in insuring the production of safe meat and poultry products. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) is supporting research to learn more about Campylobacter in food and how to control it (United Stated Department of Agriculture).

18. Preventing the spread of infection would include washing surfaces between cutting foods, washing your hands frequently, thoroughly cooking meats.

19. For more information on causes and preventing C
For more information on causes and preventing C. jejuni visit these websites
CDC - Campylobacter, General Information - NCZVED
viruses/campylobacter/index.html
athogens/p/campylobacter.htm

20. STAY WELL

21. REFRENCES
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2003, February). Emerging Infectious Diseases. Retrieved July 24, 2012, from Floroquinolone Resistance in Campylobacter jejuni isolates in travelers returning to Finland. Association of ciprofloxacin resistance to travel destination:
Center for Disease Control. (2010, July 20). National center for emerging and zoonotic infections diseases. Retrieved July 1, 2012, from Center for disease control and prevention:
Center for Disease Control. (2011, February 9). PulseNet Pathogens-Campylobacter jejuni. Retrieved July 1, 2012, from Center for disease control and prevention:
Engberg, J., Aarestrup, F. M., Taylor, D. E., Gerner-Smidt, P., & Nachamkin, I. (2001). Quinolone and Mcrolide resistance in Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli: Resistance mechanisms and trends in human isolates. Emerging Infectious Diseases ,
Food Safety.Gov. (n.d.). Food poisoning-Causes. Retrieved July 1, 2012, from Campylobacter:
Hermans, D., Van Deun, K., Martel, A., Van Immerseel, F., Messens, W., Heyndrickx, M., et al. (2011). Colonization factors of Campylobacter jejuni in the chicken gut. Veterinary Research , DOI: /

22. Refrences Continued
Hwang, S., Jeon, B., Yun, J., & Ryu, S. (2011). Roles of RpoN in the resistance of Campylobacter jejuni under various stress conditions. BMC Microbiology , DOI: /
U.S. Food and drug Administration. (2012, April 3). BBB-Campylobacter jejuni. Retrieved July 1, 2012, from Foodborne pathogenic microorgnisms and national toxins handbook: turaltoxins/badbugbook/ucm htm
United Stated Department of Agriculture. (2011, August 17). Fact Sheets: Foodborne Illness & disease. Retrieved July 24, 2012, from Food Safety and Inspection Service:
United Stated Department of Agriculture. (n.d.). Research Projects Database. Retrieved July 24, 2012, from National Research Database: ter&SEARCHTYPES=PROJECT_KEYWORDS&MATCHTYPE=ALLWORDS&investigat or=&cat_mode=or&f2t_cat_mode=or&limit=10&VIEWTYPE=BRIEF&submit=Search&_q f__usersearch=true&offset=0

23. References Continued
Viray, M., & Lynch, M. (2011, July 1). Travelers Health: Chapter 3 Infectious Disease. Retrieved July 24, 2012, from Center for Disease Control and Prevention: travel/campylobacter-enteritis.htm
Yuki, N., Susuki, K., Koga, M., Nishimoto, Y., Odaka, M., Hirata, K., et al. (2004). Carbohydrate mimicry between human ganglioside GM1 and campylobacter jejuni lipooligosaccharide causes Gullian-Barre syndrome. Immunology , DOI: /pnas