1. Area Wide Management August 2017 Penny Measham

2. Long term solution

3. Long term goals Suppress fly populations
Eradicate flies in some regions
Maintain pest free areas of production

4. Should we be concerned? On-farm risks Off-farm risks Yield loss
Supply chain confidence
Control costs
Biosecurity/trade
Off-farm risks
Production loss
Lifestyle/amenity
Regional development
Source: 2014/15 Australian Horticulture Statistics Handbook

5. Barriers It’s too cold – it won’t survive here
Qfly is not a temperate region pest
Low host status (a host is a host….)

6. Area Wide Management
Commercial producers and backyard gardeners; Clean (and marketable) fruit

7. IPM - Bloem 2017

8. AWM - Bloem 2017

9. Area wide management
DEFINITION - systematic pest control uniformly applied to the total population of a key pest in a clearly defined geographical area to predetermined levels using biologically based criteria (Bloem 2017) DEFINITION – management of a pest across a well defined area, using a suite of available tools, targeting all pest habitats and requiring coordination and cooperation On-farm and off-farm

10. Key characteristics Monitoring Knowledge of pest Defined area
Total population (hosts and habitats)
Multiple stakeholders
Proactive
Reducing Re-entry
Can these be applied to management of an area?

11. Key characteristics Monitoring – early detection Know your pest – ID?
Protected defined area
Hosts and habitats – where could it be?
Multiple stakeholders – who?
Proactive – before there’s a problem
Reducing Re-entry, or preventing entry
Be prepared – eradicate?

12. Management Options
On-farm and off-farm; Monitoring - traps Bait sprays MAT Hygiene SIT* Costs………

13. Monitoring Requirement Monitoring population trends over time
Evidence of absence
Monitoring population trends over time
Monitoring and Evaluation of management
Generally male traps
pheromone based
Qfly; CueLure (attractant)
Trap placement
Source: Prevent Fruit Fly, BugsforBugs and BioTrap

14. MAT – male annihilation technique
Attract (CueLure) and Kill
Male flies
Higher density
Replacement
Best over large areas
With female treatment
(Trapping Network Integrity)
Source: BugsforBugs and Daley’s Fruit

15. Bait sprays Protein (and insecticide) Start early Regular application
Protein required for development
Start early
Before fruit is susceptible
Regular application
rainfall
Apply canopy/trunk
Where flies will be
Source: BugsforBugs

16. Hygiene Remove all fruit post harvest Fallen fruit* Confidence?
Vargus 2015

17. Eradication programs - worldwide
Suckling 2017

18. Identifying fruit damage Regulatory environment
Challenges
Emerging pest
Limited knowledge of Qfly
Uncertainty
Chemical use, market access negotiations
Identifying fruit damage
Once signs of infestation are found it is often too late
Variability
Regions, climates, orchards and growers
Current practices
Marginal cost of Qfly on-farm management
Regulatory environment
OH&S

19. Population modelling Ecology and behaviour of Qfly Host data
(reproduction, mortality, movement),
Host data
(seasonality, quality, distribution)
The model combines:
existing knowledge about Qfly phenology
assumptions about Qfly-movement strategies
seasonality of host plants
data on the distribution of host plants in the region
artificial landscapes generated from real data
complex landscapes

20. Feasibility frequency log10 (population density per patch [1/m²])
effective
log10 (population density per patch [1/m²])
Impact of urban environments – long period of suitable hosts and habitat
(risk from within an area, not just outside/borders)
Heterogeneity in landscapes  heterogeneity in management outcomes
1st: Citrus and Grapes. pretty isolated
2nd Grapes in an urban setting
both treated with 60% on-farm BMP (on-farm means lime+orange+violett areas)
1st is effective: significant reductions in the mean and very few „hotspots“ left (patches with more than 10 flies/ha or 10^-2 per m²)
huge number of patches without any flies
already had a low population to start with
can achieve area-freedom if the adoption rate of BMP is increased to 90%
2nd is not as effective: although there are significant reductions in the mean, there are still a lot of hotspots (probably urban areas)
frequency
not effective
log10 (population density per patch [1/m²])

21. Prevention Community engagement
AWM
Fairness
Complexity
Relative advantage of AWM
Observability of AWM outcomes
Compatibility
Urban environment (and people) need to be involved – how?
To undertake activities against key criteria – opportunity now, support, committee – council preferred means of communication for community members, industry bodies for growers (closely followed by a committee with fair representation of all stakeholders.
Fairness also applies to information – growers and community alike want to be kept informed.

22. Benefits and challenges
Benefits of AWM
Prevents major outbreaks
Underpins market access
Reduces chemical use
Allows pooling of resources
Long-term solution for a region
Allows use of new technology (SIT)
Challenges of AWM
High level of cooperation required
Managing relationships
Management intensive
Area bound
Community engagement

23. Take home messages Know your pest Know your land Know your neighbours
Work together*

24. The ‘Adaptive Area wide management of Qfly using SIT’ project is being delivered by Hort Innovation – with support from the Australian Government Department of Agriculture and Water Resources as part of its Rural R&D for Profit program, and CSIRO

25. SIT Research in Australia
Male-only fly releases
Optimised
production practices
fly
logistics
Incorporation into AWM
Quality control
Trapping
Understanding best release opportunities

26. Dr. Polychronis Rempoulakis
The Sterile Insect Technique as part of an Area-Wide Integrated Pest Management system to control Q-fly
Dr. Polychronis Rempoulakis
Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
Co - funded by the federal government through Horticulture Innovation Australia

27. SIT principles-history The Q-fly case
Overview
SIT principles-history
The Q-fly case
Advances towards SIT applicastion
Co - funded by the federal government through Horticulture Innovation Australia

28. Control methodologies for insect pests and vectors
Physico-chemical ( colour traps, cover and baited sprayings, baited traps, pheromones, parapheromones )
Biological (predators, parasitoids, sterile males)

30. Sterile Insect Technique
Gamma Radiation
Sterile
Wild
Wild No
Offspring
(BIRTH CONTROL)
Co - funded by the federal government through Horticulture Innovation Australia

31. Life cycle (Natural)

32. Egg collection
Incubation
Seeding in larval diet
Pupae
Adult cage
Pupa collection
Irradiation
Emergence-maturation
Release

33. Hermann J. Muller
( )
1926
X-ray mutagenesis in Drosophila melanogaster
Reymond C.Bushland ( )
Edward F. Knipling ( )
1950’s
Screwworm
(Cochliomyia hominivorax) eradication

34. Screwworm fly
SIT application 34

38. Olive fly
Ant et al. 2012
Medfly
Leftwich et al. 2014

39. Strategic Options of Insect Pest Control (AW-IPM)
Suppression: Reducing insecticide
use and crop losses, and facilitation of sustainable agriculture
Containment: Avoiding the spread of an insect pests
Eradication: Developing areas free of major disease vectors or facilitation of international trade
Prevention: Avoiding establishment of invasive exotic pests

40. Bactrocera tryoni Queensland fruit fly or Q-fly
•Australia’s worst horticultural insect pest
•More than 245 host plants from 45 families
•Serious economical damages to agriculture ($ 28.5 M/year)
•Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) can be an effective control strategy

41. 2017
Dominiak and Mapson 2017

42. EMAI facility 1996

43. What we do now to improve SIT in a AW-IPM context?
Behaviour (mating ,foraging)
Dispersal-orientation
Irradiation optimization(X-rays)
Artificial diets
New sexing strains
QC protocols
Transportation
Marking-identification
Releases- recaptures
Predators
SIT simulations in enclosed orchards

44. Fluorescent dyes
Light UV
Department of Biological Sciences

45. Fluorescent dyes
Light UV
Department of Biological Sciences

46. Vienna 8-1260 Vienna 8-Sergeant Vienna 8-SG Vienna 8 DSR
3 abdominal bands
2 abdominal bands
Nyiazi et al
Scolari et al
Rempoulakis et al
Rempoulakis et al
Vienna
DSR

47. Stable Isotopes

48. (Integrated Pest Management, IPM)
Multidimensional approach against fruit flies
Natural tolerance of crops
Insecticides
SIT
Cultivation practices
Behavior
modifiers
Biological control
Insectivores
Pathogens
Attractants
Repellants

49. The Partners Insert text or DELETE Niche products
Developing world class, niche produce
Establishing high value, target markets – domestic and export
Organics – fast growing niche category
High quality, high value add small producers
Australia as an innovation hub that the world looks to.
Co - funded by the federal government through Horticulture Innovation Australia

50. Email: polychronis.rempoulakis@mq.edu.au
Thank you!
Co - funded by the federal government through Horticulture Innovation Australia