1. Lecture 021
Animal Body Plans

2. Criteria for Evolutionary Development & Classification
Cellular organization
Symmetry
Coelom
Digestive system
Segmentation
Cephalization

3. Kingdom Animalia Symmetry Unorganized Radial Bilateral
Cellular organization
Tissues, organs, systems

4. Kingdom Animalia coelom Coelom Body cavity or not Digestive system
digestive tube
Coelom
Body cavity or not
Digestive system
None, 1 or 2 openings, how

5. Kingdom Animalia Segmentation Repetition of body parts Cephalization
Development of a “head end”

6. What to Remember Match with common name General characteristics
Special evolutionary features
General evolutionary location

7. Geologic Time Scale end of dinosaurs 1st dinosaur 1st reptiles
Millions of Years
end of dinosaurs
1st dinosaur
1st reptiles
1st amphibians
1st land plants
1st fish
1st invertebrates

8. Ediacaran Fauna: distinctive group of fossils dating from and existing only during Precambrian time
600 mya
Australia's Ediacara Hills
Environment: shallow seas
Description: soft bodies; worms, cnideria
May be an evolutionary dead end

9. Reconstruction of the sea floor during the Vendian times when the Ediacaran organisms thrived

10. Ediacaran Fauna (600-540 MYBP) end of Precambrian era

11. Ediacaran Seas
Sea pens
Mostly cnidarians and worms

12. Ancient Seas at the During the Cambrian Radiation (540 MYBP)
Burgess Shale

13. Ancient Seas at the During the Cambrian Radiation (540 MYBP)
Drawings based on fossils collected from Burgess Shale in British Columbia, Canada

14. Burgess Shale Fauna (540 MYBP)
Feeding tentacles
Hallucigena
spines
Similar to a sea urchin
An explosion of body plans

15. Burgess Shale Fauna (540 MYBP)
Pikaia- earliest known chordate

16. Burgess Shale Fauna (540-530 MYBP
Anomalocaris
Burgess Shale Fauna ( MYBP
Opabinia
Wiwaxia

17. Living Invertebrates

18. Phylogentic Relationships of Animals
Platyhelminthes
Porifera
Mollusca
Chordata
Arthropoda
Annelida
Cnideria
Nematoda
Echinodermata
pseudocoelom
segmentation
acoelom
Protostome: schizocoelem
Deuterostomes:
eucoelom
radial symmetry
bilateral symmetry
no true tissues
true tissue
Ancestral Protist

19. Early Embryonic Development of an Animal

20. Major Stages of Animal Development
gametogenesis
fertilization
cleavage
blastula
gastrulation
differentiation and morphogenesis

21. Hypothetical Scheme for the Origin of Multicellularity in Animals

22. Protostome vs Deuterostome
Blastula
Protostome: blastopore becomes mouth
Deuterostome: blastopore becomes anus
Blastopore

23. What is a Phylum?

24. Some Examples of Animal Phyla
Phylum Cnidaria
sea anemones, corals, jellyfish, man-of-wars & hydroids
Phylum Mollusca
snails, slugs, chitons, clams, oysters, octopods & squids
Phylum Arthropoda
spiders, scorpions, crabs, shrimp, insects & centipedes
Phylum Echinodermata
sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers & sea lilies
Phylum Chordata
sea squirts, fish, amphibian, reptiles, birds & mammals

25. Phylum Chordata

26. Major Body Plan Characteristics of Animals
Symmetry
Primary Germ Layers
Gut Organization
Body Cavity
Segmentation
Skeletal Systems
Circulatory Systems
Appendages
Coloniality

27. Symmetry
Asymmetry
Radial Symmetry
Bilateral Symmetry
                                                     

28. Symmetry
Bilateral Symmetry
Radial Symmetry

29. Jellyfish Phylum Cnidaria
Radial Symmetry
Jellyfish Phylum Cnidaria

30. Pentamerous Radial Symmetry
Sea Stars Phylum Echinodermata

31. Bilateral Symmetry
Slug Phylum Mollusca

32. Bilateral Symmetry
Squid Phylum Mollusca

33. Primary Germ Layers None Diploblastic Triploblast Mesoderm gut
Ectoderm
Endoderm

34. Fates of the Primary Germ Layers
Ectoderm
hair, nails, epidermis, brain, nerves
Mesoderm
notochord (in chordates), dermis, blood vessels, heart, bones, cartilage, muscle
Endoderm
internal lining of the gut and respiratory pathways, liver, pancreas

35. The Formation of Primary Germ Layers

36. The Formation of Primary Germ Layers

37. Germ Layer Patterns
Endoderm
Diploblastic
gut
Ectoderm

38. Diploblastic- two germ layers
Phylum Cnidaria

39. Germ Layer Patterns Triploblastic: 3 germ layers Mesoderm gut Ectoderm
Endoderm
acoelomate

40. Gut Organization
No Gut
Blind Sac Gut
Complete Gut

41. Sponges Phylum Porifera
No Gut
Sponges Phylum Porifera

42. Sponges Phylum Porifera
No Gut
Sponges Phylum Porifera

43. Blind Sac Gut
Phylum Cnidaria

44. Complete Gut

45. Body Cavities
Acoelomate
Eucoelomate
Pseudocoelomate

46. Body Cavities Acoelomate- lacks cavity between gut and outer body wall
Mesoderm
Acoelomate- lacks cavity between gut and outer body wall
gut
Ectoderm
Endoderm

47. Body Cavities Eucoelomate- body cavity completely lined with mesoderm
gut
Ectoderm
Endoderm

48. Body Cavities
pseudocoelom
Mesoderm
Pseudocoelomate: body cavity partially lined with mesoderm
gut
Endoderm
Ectoderm

49. Advantages of a Fluid-Filled Body Cavity
hydrostatic skeleton
greater freedom for internal organs
greater body size because of body fluid circulation

50. Segmentation

51. Centipede Phylum Arthropoda
Segmentation
Centipede Phylum Arthropoda

52. Lobster Phylum Arthropoda
Segmentation
Lobster Phylum Arthropoda

53. Skeleton

54. Functions of the Skeleton
supports basic body form
protection of soft internal tissues and organs
facilitates locomotion

55. Hydrostatic Skeletons Hard Skeletons
Exoskeletons
Endoskeletons

56. Sea Anemone Phylum Cnidaria
Hydrostatic Skeleton
Sea Anemone Phylum Cnidaria

57. Hydrostatic Skeleton:
A non compressible fluid held under pressure in a closed body compartment.
Uses antagonistic muscles for movement.
The gastrovascular cavity of the jellyfish acts as hydrostatic skeleton against which contractile cells can work.

58. Earthworm Phylum Annelida
Hydrostatic Skeleton
Earthworm Phylum Annelida

59. Chiton Phylum Mollusca
Exoskeleton
Chiton Phylum Mollusca

60. Stony Coral Phylum Cnidaria
Exoskeleton
Stony Coral Phylum Cnidaria

61. Endoskeletons
Vertebrates
Phylum Chordata

62. Types of Appendages

63. Functions of Appendages
locomotion
feeding
sensory
protection

64. Sea Anemone Phylum Cnidaria
Tentacles
Sea Anemone Phylum Cnidaria

65. Jointed Appendages
Bee Appendages
Phylum Arthropoda

66. Circulatory Systems

67. Functions of Circulatory Systems
transport of nutrients and metabolic wastes
maintains water and solute balance
defense against pathogens

68. Circulatory System None (simple diffusion) Body Cavity Circulation
Closed Circulatory System
Open Circulatory System

69. Comb Jelly Phylum Ctenophora
No Circulatory System
Comb Jelly Phylum Ctenophora

70. Circulation in a Moon Jellyfish
Phylum Cnidaria

71. Closed Versus Open Circulatory Systems

72. Nervous Systems

73. Functions of Nervous systems
integration of animal behavior
processing and interpretation of sensory information
elicits external and internal responses

74. Types of Nervous Systems

75. Coloniality

76. Coloniality
Coral Phylum Cnidaria

77. Sea Fan Phylum Cnidaria
Coloniality
Sea Fan Phylum Cnidaria

78. Man-of-War Phylum Cnidaria
Coloniality
Man-of-War Phylum Cnidaria

79. Polymorphism in the Portuguese Man- of-War