1. Overview/review Transcription Describing Consonants
Phonetics
Overview/review
Transcription
Describing Consonants

2. Overview Referring to sounds, NOT LETTERS How do describe a sound?
Produce it
3-way description
The sound indicated by the symbol [p]

3. International Phonetic Alphabet
One-to-one relationship between symbol and sound
Universal
Based on roman alphabet, but they are not letters

4. Transcription Practice
Transcribe:
Your name
Linguistics, hiccup, teeth, teethe, delay, should, sign, sane, phonetics, yellow

5. Describing Consonants
We use three parameters to describe consonants:
Voicing
Place of articulation
Manner of articulation
The IPA chart shows all three parameters for each phone

6. Voicing
The state of the vocal folds (VF) determines whether a sound is voiced or voiceless
When VF are open air can pass through it freely, without any vibration
When VF are drawn close together air passes through it with w/ difficulty, creating vibration
Compare [s] vs [z] ; [f] vs [v]; [k] vs [g]

7. Place of Articulation
Refers to WHERE in the vocal tract a constriction is made (generally with some part of the tongue)

8. Vocal Tract

9. Places of Articulation (See p. 39-40 in CP)
Bilabial [p, b, m, w]
Closure of both lips
Labiodental [f, v]
Lower lip touches upper teeth
(Inter)Dental [T, D]
Tongue protrudes through teeth
Alveolar [t, d, s, z, n, l, r]
Tongue touches alveolar ridge

10. Places of Articulation, Continued
Palatal [s&, Z, c&, d, y]
Top of tongue approximates/touches the middle/hard palate
Velar [k, g, ŋ]
Back of tongue touches the soft palate/velum
Glottal [h, ]
Opening or closing of the glottis (the space between the vocal folds)

11. Manner of Articulation
Refers to HOW this constriction is made

12. Manners of Articulation
Stop [p, b, t, d, k, g, ] & [n, m, N]
airflow through mouth is completely impeded
Fricative [f, v, s, z, d, t, s, z, h]
narrow constriction produces turbulence
Affricate [c&, dZ]
a stop followed by a fricative

13. Manners of Articulation, cont’d
Nasal [m, n, N]
air flows through the nose; velum is lowered
Approximants [l, r (liquids)] [w, j (glides)]
wide constriction that does not produce turbulence
** FLAP: the voiced alveolar flap [R] is also an English sound (prevalent in US English).**

14. Drills Voicing Place Manner VD or VL BL, LD, ID, A, P, V, G
S, F, AF, N, AP