1. PIGEON DISSECTION

2. PIGEON ANIMALIA CHORDATA VERTEBRATA “backbone”
LATIN meaning
KINGDOM _____________
PHYLUM ____________________________
SUBPHYLUM ___________________________
CLASS _______________________________
ORDER _____________________________
ANIMALIA
CHORDATA
VERTEBRATA “backbone”
AVES Plural of “avis”= bird
COLUMBIFORMES

3. MODIFICATIONS of INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Feathers- (light weight & sturdy)
provide lift & prevent heat loss
Preen gland keeps feathers “fly-able”
Streamline body to decrease air/wind resistance

4. EXTERNAL NARES
CERE
NICTITATING MEMBRANE
TYMPANIC MEMBRANE
inside head
SCALY SKIN on feet CLAWS

5. EYES BIG for size of head See in COLOR
Kestral Image from:
EYES
BIG for size of head See in COLOR
Eyes on front of face- gives depth perception
Seen in predators
Eyes on sides of head-
Gives wide range of vision
Seen in prey

6. BROOD PATCH Skin-to-egg contact keeps growing babies WARM
Males that sit
on eggs have it, too
Image by Riedell/VanderWal ©2005

7. CLOACA & VENT
Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2005

8. Images by Riedell/VanderWal©2005
PREEN GLAND
Oil makes feathers waterproof Preening straightens feathers and re-hooks barbules
Image from:

9. SKELETAL Hollow bones = light weight
Image from: BIODIDAC

10. FUSED BONES = Sturdy FURCULA PYGOSTYLE STERNUM
Image modified from:

11. MODIFICATIONS of SKELETAL SYSTEM
Bones = hollow/air sacs extend into bones to make them LESS DENSE = fused to make them STURDY
FURCULA – stabilizes shoulders during flight
STERNUM- attaches flight muscles
PYGOSTYLE- support for tail

12. MUSCULAR SYSTEM PECTORALIS & SUPRACORACOIDEUS
make up 35% of total body weight

13. MODIFICATIONS of MUSCULAR SYSTEM
HUGE PECTORALIS MUSCLE
provides power to move wings

14. CROP No digestion happens here
Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2005
No digestion happens here
Stores and moistens food waiting to be digested
Allows food to move faster/next batch is waiting

15. CROP MILK
COLUMBIFORMES- crop makes nutritious fluid called CROP MILK for babies

16. REMOVE PECTORALIS MUSCLE
Image by Riedell/VanderWal © 2005

17. LIVER GALL BLADDER inside
Image by Riedell/VanderWal © 2005
WHAT CAN YOU SEE?
HEART
LIVER GALL BLADDER inside
Rest of digestive system coiled underneath liver

18. HEART RIGHT ATRIUM LEFT ATRIUM RIGHT VENTRICLE LEFT VENTRICLE
Image by Riedell/VanderWal © 2005
RIGHT ATRIUM
RIGHT VENTRICLE
LEFT ATRIUM
LEFT VENTRICLE
COMPLETE SEPTUM
Heart = 1½ to 2 times larger than in equal size mammal
Heart rate much faster to move more blood

19. HOW FAST ? A human heart beats ~ 60-90 times/min
A resting hummingbird’s heart beats 250 times/min. Or 1200 beats per minute (BPM) when feeding.

20. HEART COMPLETE SEPTUM NOW 4 chambers 2 atria/2 ventricles
Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2005
COMPLETE SEPTUM NOW
4 chambers 2 atria/2 ventricles

21. SINUS VENOSUS & CONUS ARTERIOSUS ARE GONE
Main vein returning from body = VENA CAVA Main vein from lungs = PULMONARY VEIN
Main artery to body
= AORTA
Main artery to lungs
= PULMONARY ARTERY

22. LIVER with GALL BLADDER inside
GIZZARD
PANCREAS

23. LIVER with GALL BLADDER inside
GIZZARD
PANCREAS

25. STOMACH PROVENTRICULUS entry to gizzard add acid GIZZARD Muscular
Contains gravel/rocks
to grind food
Image by Riedell/VanderWal © 2005

26. DUODENUM (1st section of small intestine)
Image by Riedell/VanderWal © 2005
Receives bile from GALL BLADDER
Receives trypsin from PANCREAS
PANCREAS makes
TRYPSIN, INSULIN, & GLUCAGON

27. SPLEEN (circulatory) In mesentery Wrapped in digestive loops Near
Gizzard
Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2005

28. SMALL INTESTINE (Duodenum & Ileum)
REALLY, REALLY LONG SMALL INTESTINE
Absorbs more nutrients
Image by Riedell/VanderWal © 2005

29. COLIC CAECA Pouches at junction of small & large intestine
Image by Riedell/VanderWal © 2005
Pouches at junction of small & large intestine
Contain bacteria to digest plants (cellulose)

30. LARGE INTESTINE LARGE INTESTINE isn’t very large!
Image by Riedell/VanderWal © 2005
LARGE INTESTINE
isn’t very large!
Absorbs less water back from feces
(Water is HEAVY!)
EXITS through CLOACA

31. TRACHEA BRONCHI Cartilage rings keep airway open
Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2005

32. SYRINX
VOICE BOX
Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2005

33. LUNGS Remove 31% of oxygen ; Human lungs remove 24%
Images by Riedell/VanderWal © 2005
Remove 31% of oxygen ; Human lungs remove 24%

34. KIDNEYS & URETERS

35. TESTES
TESTES
KIDNEYS
URETERS
CLOACA

36. ONLY 1 OVARY makes eggs
OVIDUCTS add albumen/shell

38. MODIFICATIONS of NERVOUS SYSTEM
Large brain for body size = “smarter”
Bigger CEREBRUM for more complex behaviors problem solving; learning; navigation;
Bigger CEREBELLUM- for muscle coordination
Bigger OPTIC LOBES for better vision; 3D & Color
Concentration of iron in brain to act as compass