1. USB Universal Serial Bus

2. Motivations Connection of the PC to Telephone Ease of use Hot plug
The USB provides a ubiquitous link that can be used across a wide range of PC-to-telephone interconnects.
Ease of use
Hot plug
Port expansion
The lack of a bi-directional, low-cost, low-to-mid speed peripheral bus has held back the creative proliferation of peripherals such as telephone/fax/modem adapters, answering machines, scanners, PDA’s, keyboards, mice, etc.

3. USB Fast Bi-directional Isochronous low-cost
dynamically attachable serial interface
consistent with the requirements of the PC platform of today and tomorrow

4. Goals for USB
The following criteria were applied in defining the architecture for the USB:
Ease-of-use for PC peripheral expansion
Low-cost solution that supports transfer rates up to 12Mb/s
Full support for real-time data for voice, audio, and compressed video
Protocol flexibility for mixed-mode isochronous data transfers and asynchronous messaging
Integration in commodity device technology
Comprehension of various PC configurations and form factors
Provision of a standard interface capable of quick diffusion into product
Enabling of new classes of devices that augment the PC’s capability.

5. Taxonomy of Application Space

6. Feature list Easy to use for end user
Single model for cabling and connectors
Electrical details isolated from end user (e.g., bus terminations)
Self-identifying peripherals, automatic mapping of function to driver, and configuration
Dynamically attachable and re-configurable peripherals
Wide range of workloads and applications
Suitable for device bandwidths ranging from a few kb/s to several Mb/s
Supports isochronous as well as asynchronous transfer types over the same set of wires
Supports concurrent operation of many devices (multiple connections)
Supports up to 127 physical devices
Supports transfer of multiple data and message streams between the host and devices
Allows compound devices (i.e., peripherals composed of many functions)
Lower protocol overhead, resulting in high bus utilization

7. Feature list (continued)
Isochronous bandwidth
Guaranteed bandwidth and low latencies appropriate for telephony, audio, etc.
Isochronous workload may use entire bus bandwidth
Flexibility
Supports a wide range of packet sizes, which allows a range of device buffering options
Allows a wide range of device data rates by accommodating packet buffer size and latencies
Flow control for buffer handling is built into the protocol
Robustness
Error handling/fault recovery mechanism is built into the protocol
Dynamic insertion and removal of devices is identified in user-perceived real-time
Supports identification of faulty devices

8. Feature list (con) Relation with PC industry Low-cost implementation
Protocol is simple to implement and integrate
Consistent with the PC plug-and-play architecture
Leverages existing operating system interfaces
Low-cost implementation
Low-cost sub-channel at 1.5Mb/s
Optimized for integration in peripheral and host hardware
Suitable for development of low-cost peripherals
Low-cost cables and connectors
Uses commodity technologies
Upgrade path
Architecture upgradeable to support multiple USB Host Controllers in a system

9. USB System Description
USB interconnect
USB devices
USB host.

10. USB Interconnect
Bus Topology: Connection model between USB devices and the host.
Inter-layer Relationships: In terms of a capability stack, the USB tasks that are performed at each layer in the system.
Data Flow Models: The manner in which data moves in the system over the USB between producers and consumers.
USB Schedule: The USB provides a shared interconnect. Access to the interconnect is scheduled in order to support isochronous data transfers and to eliminate arbitration overhead.

11. BUS Topology

12. Physical Interface pin Name Descryption 1 Vcc +5 Vdc 2 D- Data- 3 D+4
GND
Ground

13. Throughput Low speed Full speed High speed (in USB 2.0)
1.5 Mbps
Full speed
12 Mbps
High speed (in USB 2.0)
480 Mbps
Dynamic mode switching
Clock encoding scheme: NRZI (Non Return to Zero Invert)

14. Power Distribution Devices: Power management Bus-powered devices
Self-powered devices
Power management
Host based
Power events:
Suspend
Resume

15. Bus Protocol Polled bus
Data transfers initiated only by host controller
Three packets:
Token packet
Type
Direction
Address
End point number
Data packet
Handshake packet
ACK
NAK

16. Transfer Model Pipe End point zero Stream pipes No USB standard format
Message pipes
USB format
Request
Data
Status
End point zero
Default control pipe
Always exists

17. Data Flow Types Control Transfers: Bulk Data Transfers:
Used to configure a device at attach time and can be used for other device-specific purposes, including control of other pipes on the device.
Bulk Data Transfers:
Generated or consumed in relatively large and bursty quantities.
Interrupt Data Transfers:
Used for characters or coordinates with human-perceptible echo or feedback response characteristics.
Isochronous Data Transfers:
Occupy a pre-negotiated amount of USB bandwidth with a pre-negotiated delivery latency. (Also called streaming real time transfers).

18. USB Devices
All have endpoint zero
Hub
Function
Compound

19. Typical Configuration

20. Host Responsibility
Detecting the attachment and removal of USB devices
Managing control flow between the host and USB devices
Managing data flow between the host and USB devices
Collecting status and activity statistics
Providing power to attached USB devices.

21. Implementer Viewpoints
USB Physical Device: A piece of hardware on the end of a USB cable that performs some useful end user function.
Client Software: Software that executes on the host, corresponding to a USB device. This client software is typically supplied with the operating system or provided along with the USB device.
USB System Software: Software that supports the USB in a particular operating system. The USB System Software is typically supplied with the operating system, independently of particular USB devices or client software.
USB Host Controller (Host Side Bus Interface): The hardware and software that allows USB devices to be attached to a host.

22. USB Implementation Areas

23. Physical / Logical Bus Topology

24. USB Host / Device View

25. USB Communication Flow

26. Control Transfer Format
Setup packet
Data packet
Acknowledge packet
USB defined structure
Setup packet: 8 bytes
Maximum data payload size:
Full speed: 8, 16, 32 or 64 bytes
Low speed: 8 bytes

27. Control Transfer Constraints
Best effort
10% frame time for control
Use also remaining 90% if no interrupt or isochronous transfer
Frame is 1 ms

28. Full-Speed Control Transfer Limits

29. Low Speed Control Transfer Limits

30. Isochronous Transfers
Guaranteed access to USB bandwidth with bounded latency
Guaranteed constant data rate through the pipe as long as data is provided to the pipe
In the case of a delivery failure due to error, no retrying of the attempt to deliver the data.
Stream pipe
Uni-directional
Maximum data payload: 1023 bytes
Only in Full speed.
No more 90% of frame for isochronous, interrupt

31. Isochronous Limits

32. Interrupt Transfers Guaranteed maximum service period for the pipe.
Retry of transfer attempts at the next period, in the case of occasional delivery failure due to error on the bus.
Max. Payload size:
Full speed: 64 bytes
Low speed: 8 bytes
If there is sufficient bus time, for requested payload size the pipe is established.

33. Full Speed Interrupt Limits

34. Low Speed Interrupt Limits

35. Bulk Transfers Large amount of data.
Access to the USB on a bandwidth-available basis.
Retry of transfers, in the case of occasional delivery failure due to errors on the bus.
Guaranteed delivery of data, but no guarantee of bandwidth or latency.
Stream pipe
Only in full speed
Max. Payload: only 8, 16, 32 or 64 bytes

36. Bulk Transfer Limits

37. Connectors

38. Full Speed CMOS Driver

39. Evaluation Setup

40. NRZI Encoding

41. Bit Stuffing

42. Flow Diagram for Bit Stuffing

43. Signaling Levels

44. Signals Low and Full speed devices:
A differential ‘1’ is transmitted by pulling D+ over 2.8V with a 15K ohm resistor pulled to ground and D- under 0.3V with a 1.5K ohm resistor pulled to 3.6V.
A differential ‘0’ on the other hand is a D- greater than 2.8V and a D+ less than 0.3V with the same appropriate pull down/up resistors.
The receiver defines a differential ‘1’ as D+ 200mV greater than D- and a differential ‘0’ as D+ 200mV less thanD-.
The polarity of the signal is inverted depending on the speed of the bus. Therefore the terms ‘J’ and ‘K’ states are used in signifying the logic levels. In low speed a ‘J’ state is a differential 0. In high speed a ‘J’ state I s a differential 1.

45. Differential and Single Ended
Differential signals mostly for data
Certain bus states by single ended signals on D+, D- or both.
For example a single ended zero or SE0 can be used to signify a reset if held more than 10ms.
SE0 is holding down both D- and D+ below .3V
Low and Full speed
90 Ohms +/- 15%