1. Conditional Sentences

2. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
Conditional sentences is composed by two parts:
The If-clause expresses the condition (Conditional Clause), and a main clause points out the result (Result Clause).
If + subject + present simple , subject + will + infinitive.
CONDITION
RESULT
If-clause
Main Clause
If it rains, I will stay at home.
If I stay here, I will see my friend.
If you study hard, you will pass the exam

3. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
The order of the two clauses is flexible, it’s not important. But if the if-clause comes first, it must be followed by a comma.
The main clause usually comes first in interrogative sentences.
Subject + will + infinitive if + subject + present simple.
RESULT
CONDITION
What will Paul do if he fails his exams?
If Paul fails his exams, what will he do?
I will see my friend if I stay here. / If I stay here, I will see my friend.
You will pass the exam if you study hard.
If you study hard, you will pass the exam.

4. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
Types :
There are 4 types of conditional sentences.
They are classified according to the degree of
probability that they express.
Each type of conditional sentences uses different
tenses to show the difference in the degree of
probability.

5. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
Zero Conditional: If /when + present tense ….. / present tense
Water boils if it reaches 100º
First Conditional: If/unless + present,….. Future / Modal
If I study, I’ll pass
Second Conditional: If + past, ……would +inf.
If I studied, I would pass
Third Conditional: If + past perfect ….. would have + pp
If I had studied, I would have passed

6. Type 0 . ZERO CONDITIONAL If + Simple present + Simple present
We use the so-called zero conditional when the result of the condition is always true, like a scientific fact.
This is a way of talking about laws of nature or things that always happen.
The important thing about the zero conditional is that the condition always has the same result.
If you heat ice, it melts.
My boss gets angry if I am late to work.
If you fail your exams, you have to take them again in September.

7. Type I . REAL CONDITIONAL
USE
We use the first conditional to talk about possible situations in the future. It expresses what will happen if the condition is fulfilled.
a) If + Simple present + will
Both condition and result are very likely to happen
If John gets a good result, he will (he'll) study medicine.
If he fails his exams, he will go abroad.

8. Type I . REAL CONDITIONAL
b) If + Simple present + Imperative
This is a way of giving advice or instructions
If you feel tired, drink a cup of coffee.
If you can't wake up, buy an alarm clock.
If you see my wife, tell her I'll be late for dinner.
c) If + should + imperative
In this way we can suggest that something is unlikely to happen, or is not particularly probable.
If you should run into Peter Bellamy, tell him he owes me a letter.

9. Type I . REAL CONDITIONAL
d) If + Simple present + may
The result of the condition is just a possibility.
If we go to John's party, we may have a good time.
If we don't give them directions, they may get lost.
e) If + Simple present + can
If I haven't enough time today, I can wash your car tomorrow.
We use this form when we make present decisions about future ability. Otherwise we use will be able to.
If you lose her telephone number, you won't be able to contact her later.

10. Exercise 1. do not come If you ___________________ (not come),
You ________________ (miss ) the show.
will miss
will buy
John __________________ (buy)a car if he
_____________ (get) a job.
gets
will get
Mary ________________(get) a toothache if
she_________________ (eat) too many sweets.
eats

11. Type II . HYPOTHETICAL CONDITIONAL
Tense :
If-clause ~ Past Tense
Main Clause ~ would base form
(infinitive without to)
Example :
Past Tense
Would + base form
If he were a bird, he would fly across the harbour.
If I had $200,000 now, I would buy a car.

12. Type II . HYPOTHETICAL CONDITIONAL
The second conditional is called hypothetical because the condition is contrary to the facts or because it is very improbable.
We use this conditional to talk about unreal situations that probably will never happen.
We also use it to imagine what would it be like if things were different.
MIND
Were is often used instead of was in the 1st and 3rd person singular
a) If + Simple past + would
If I were the president, I would end unemployment.
I would buy a Ferrari If I won the lottery.
If she were your friend, she'd help you.

13. Type II . HYPOTHETICAL CONDITIONAL
b) If + Simple past + might
The result of the condition would be just a possibility.
If you drove drunk, you might have an accident.
If he weren't so selfish, he might be happier.
c) If + Simple past + could (the meaning of could here is would be able to).
If I had another €5000, I could buy a car..
d) If + were to + would
If war were to break out, I would emigrate to Mars.
(This makes a future possibility sound less probable).

14. Type III: IMPOSSIBLE CONDITIONAL
Tense :
If-clause ~ Past Perfect Tense
Main Clause ~ Would Have + Past Participle
Past Perfect Tense
Would have + Past Participle
If I had had enough money, I would have bought the camera yesterday.
If I had come home earlier, I would not have missed the programme.

15. Type III: IMPOSSIBLE CONDITIONAL
We use the third conditional to talk about situations that could never happen because they refer to the past.
The condition didn't happen in the past, and so the result didn't happen either. It is used for speculating about past events.
If they’d gone by bus, they would have arrived much later.
(They didn’t go by bus)
He would have travelled around the world if he had had more money.
(Impossible to change, because he didn’t have the money)

16. Type III: IMPOSSIBLE CONDITIONAL
We use the third conditional to talk about situations that could never happen because they refer to the past.
The condition didn't happen in the past, and so the result didn't happen either. It is used for speculating about past events.
a) If + Past perfect + Perfect conditional
If he had studied, he would have passed.
b) If + Past perfect + might have
If someone had heard the S.O.S., their lives might have been saved.
c) If + Past perfect + could have (the meaning is could have been able to).
If my parent's hadn't been poor, I could have gone to university.

17. Exercise Two were If I ________________ (be) four years old, I
________________ (learn) to play the piano.
would learn
had not failed
If I ________________ (not fail) in the
examination, my mother_______________ (buy)
me a new computer.
would have bought
would have finished
3. We ________________________ (finish) if we
________________ (have) better preparation.
had had

18. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES OTHER CONNECTORS
UNLESS
Unless has a similar meaning to if not, in the sense of ‘except if’.
Come tomorrow unless I phone. (=…if I don’t phone / except if I phone.)
I’ll take the job unless the pay is too low. (=if the pay isn’t too low /except if the pay is too low.)
I’ll be back tomorrow unless there’s a plane strike.
Let’s have dinner out – unless you’re too tired..

19. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES OTHER CONNECTORS
Unless can be used instead of if not when we refer to exceptional circumstances which would change a situation. We do not use unless to refer to something negative that would the main cause of the situation that we are talking about.
My wife will be very upset if I don’t get back tomorrow.
(NOT My wife will be very upset unless I get back tomorrow).
If the speaker does not get back, this will be the main cause of his wife’s unhappiness – if not doesn’t mean ‘except if’ here.)
She’d look nicer if she didn’t wear so much make-up.
(NOT She’d look nicer unless she wore so much make up.)
I’ll be surprised if he doesn’t have an accident soon.
(NOT I’ll be surprised unless he has an accident soon.)

20. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES OTHER CONNECTORS
PROVIDED / PROVIDING (THAT)/ WITH THE CONDITION THAT/ AS LONG AS
You can stay with the condition that you
sleep on the couch.
I will go to the party as long as you go there too
IMAGINE / SUPPOSE /SUPPOSING THAT
Imagine that you won a million pounds, what would you do?

21. Conditional Sentences
EVEN IF
I won’t go to the party even if they beg me
IN CASE
Take an umbrella in case it rains

22. Exercises Identifying conditionals  I. Choose the correct answer.
1 - If I drink tea in the morning, it makes me feel sick.
Zero Conditional
First Conditional
Second Conditional
Third Conditional 

23. Exercises   2 - I'll tell her if she comes. Zero Conditional
First Conditional
Second Conditional
Third Conditional 
3 - If I were you, I'd buy it as soon as possible.
Zero Conditional
First Conditional
Second Conditional
Third Conditional 

24. Exercises   4 - If I had the time, I’d help you Zero Conditional
First Conditional
Second Conditional
Third Conditional 
5 – I would have done things differently if I had been the manager.
Zero Conditional
First Conditional
Second Conditional
Third Conditional 

25. Exercises   6 - If you work hard enough, you may well pass.
Zero Conditional
First Conditional
Second Conditional
Third Conditional 
7 – Water boils if you heat it to a hundred degrees celsius.
Zero Conditional
First Conditional
Second Conditional
Third Conditional 

26. Exercises   8 - I would be surprised if it rained. Zero Conditional
First Conditional
Second Conditional
Third Conditional 
9 – If she'd tried harder, she might have succeeded.
Zero Conditional
First Conditional
Second Conditional
Third Conditional 

27. Exercises     II. Choose the correct answer.
1 - If I you, I would tell him straightaway
were am 
2 - If you yellow and blue, you get green
will mix
mix 
3 - If I , I would never have done it
knew
had known 
4 - Unless you drinking, you'll have serious health problems.
stop
will stop 

28. Exercises     5 - I ......... there if I'd known about it
would never have gone
would never go 
6 - If you see him, him to call me?
will you ask
would you have asked 
7 - If I , I'd have done it myself
were there
had been there 
8 - What would you do if the police you?
arrested
had arrested 

29. Exercises Finish these sentences using the correct verbal tense.
If they had listened, they (understand)
If he hadn’t worn the helmet, he (Be) injured.
If he (Speak) clearly, people would understand him.
If we miss this train, we (Be) late for the interview.
The bank (not / call) if we pay the bill.
If you (meet ) Tom, you wouldn’t like him.
If I found 100 in the street, I …………………… (Keep) it.
If I ……………... (Know) her number, I would phone her.
If he gets late, I ………….. (be) angry.
I …………………….. (Not/buy) that coat if I were you..
If I ……………….. (Know) that you were ill last week, I'd have gone to see you.
If it stops raining, we …………………. (Go) on a trip.
would have understood
Would have been
spoke
Will be
Won’t call
met
Would keep
knew
Will be
won’t buy
had known
will go

30. Exercises Choose the correct answer B B B A C B A A C C
1 If Teresa………more sensible, she wouldn’t get into trouble so often.
a) will be b) were c) had been
2 ……… me some ice cream if you go to the supermarket.
a) Got b) Get c) Have got
3 If I……...late, will you wait for me?
a) be b) am c) will be
4 If Vanessa had……..me the truth, I would not have been so angry.
a) told b) tells c) tell
5 If you listen to her, you’ll………in trouble.
a) been b) being c) be
6 If you had listen to her, you……….have been in trouble.
a) shouldn’t b) wouldn’t c) couldn’t
7 Nobody would……the secret if Danny hadn’t revealed it.
a) have known b) knew c) known
8 Will you be all right by yourself if I………. out tonight?
a) go b) will go c) would go
9 If I knew how to run my own business, I………..a rich man.
a) am b) will be c) would be
10 If anyone………., say I’ll be back about 7.30.
a) will phone b) phone c) phones B B B A C B A A C C

31. I wish / If only
We use wish and if only +past simple or could when we want a situation or thing in the present to be different or to change.
The time of the action referred to in the subordinate clause is the same as the time of making the wish.
He wishes that he were rich.
I wish I didn’t have to leave.
I wish I could help you.

32. I wish / If only
We use wish / if only + would to complain about a thing or a situation.
She wishes that you would come to the meeting tomorrow.
I wish you wouldn’t be so rude.
I wish my mother would let me go out till late.
She wishes her child would sleep all night long.

33. I wish / If only
We use wish / if only + past perfect or could have + p.p.to express a wish about the past
They wish that they had studied harder when they were young.
(they didn’t study)
I wish I hadn’t failed the exam
(I failed the exam)

34. Exercises
Pay attention to the underlined adverbs indicating time. Complete each of the following sentences with the correct form of the verb shown in brackets.
1. I wish he here now. (to be)
2. I wish that you here yesterday. (to be)
3. We wish you tomorrow. (to come)
4. You will wish you earlier. (to leave)
5. They wished he with them the next day. (to come)
6. We wish you yesterday. (to arrive)
were
Had been
Would come
Would come
Would come
Had arrived

35. Exercises 7. I wish that he us next year. (to visit)
8. She wishes that she at home now. (to be)
9. You wish that he you last week. (to help)
Would visit
were
had helped
were
10. He will always wish he ____________ rich. (to be)
11. The boy wished that he ____________ the competition the next day. (to win)
12. She will wish she _____________ the arrangements earlier. (to make)
13. I wish the weather ____________ warmer now. (to be)
14. We always wished we ____________ fluent in other languages. (to be)
15. They wish he ________________ them next week. (to telephone)
Would win
Had made
were
were
Would telephone