1. FUSION AND FISSION

2. THE SUN
Every second, the sun converts 500 million metric tons of hydrogen to helium. Due to the process of fusion, 5 million metric tons of excess material is converted into energy in each second. This means that every year, 157,680,000,000,000 metric tons are converted into energy.

3. Nuclear Fusion
Nuclear fusion is the process by which multiple nuclei join together to form a heavier nucleus.
It is accompanied by the release or absorption of energy depending on the masses of the nuclei involved..

4. FUSION
DEUTERIUM
NEUTRON
HELIUM
TRITIUM

5. Nuclear Fusion
Iron and nickel nuclei have the largest binding energies per nucleon of all nuclei and therefore are the most stable.

6. Nuclear Fusion
The fusion of two nuclei lighter than iron or nickel generally releases energy.
The fusion of nuclei heavier than them absorbs energy.

7. Energy needed for Fusion
The thermal activity of a gas is described by its temperature measurement which is really an indication of its velocity/energy.
Thermal energy is represented by the height that the upper magnet.
The upper ring has a potential energy given by PE = mgh at its drop point which is converted into kinetic energy (KE = 1/2 mv2)
As the magnet falls towards the lower magnet. The two magnets click lightly when the kinetic energy is just greater than the magnetic energy that holds them apart.
Since Kinetic Energy = Potential Energy (ignoring frictional components), the gravitational pull and mass of the upper magnet are constant, then the height needed to overcome the magnetic repelling force is proportional to that magnetic repelling force.

8. Learning Check What process creates energy in the Sun?
Fusion of hydrogen into helium in the Sun’s core generates the Sun’s energy.
How long ago did fusion generate the energy we now receive as sunlight?
Fusion created the energy we receive today about a million years ago. This is the time it takes for photons and then convection to transport energy through the solar interior to the photosphere. Once sunlight emerges from the photosphere, it takes only about 8 minutes to reach Earth.

9. Learning Check

10. NUCLEAR FISSION
A reaction in which an atomic nucleus of a radioactive element splits by bombardment from an external source, with simultaneous release of large amounts of energy, used for electric power generation

11. Nuclear Fission Neutron induced in U235 Fission is Exothermic
The sum of the masses of
the resulting nuclei is less
than the original mass (about 0.1% less)
The “missing mass” is converted to energy according to E=mc2

12. Neutrons may:
1 - Cause another fission by colliding with a U235 nucleus
2 - Be absorbed in other material
3 - Lost in the system
If sufficient neutrons are present, we may achieve a chain reaction
Creates two smaller nuclides and free neutrons
The free neutrons potentially collide with nearby U235 nuclei
May cause the nuclide to split as well
Each split (fission) is accompanied by a large quantity of E-N-E-R-G-Y

13. U.S. Electrical Power Production by Source
The United States has 103 nuclear power reactors in 31 states.
Nuclear energy provides electricity for one of every five homes and business … the second-largest source of electricity after coal.
Some states are clearly are more dependent on nuclear energy than others. Vermont gets 76 percent of its electricity from nuclear reactors … New Hampshire, 58 percent … and South Carolina, 55 percent.
In Virginia, nuclear power provides more than 40 percent of the electricity used.
Source: EIA
(2014)

14. Nuclear Fuel Costs Nuclear Fuel Costs Include
Uranium
Enrichment
Manufacturing
Waste Disposal
Total Nuclear Fuel Cost is Only About 0.5 cents per kilowatt-hour
Uranium accounts for only about 20% of this cost or 0.1 cents per kilowatt-hour
Increasing Uranium Cost has Minimal Impact

15. Review Nuclear fission:
A large nucleus splits into several small nuclei when impacted by a neutron, and energy is released in this process
Nuclear fusion:
Several small nuclei fuse together and release energy.

16. Draw a Double Bubble Map of Fusion and Fission
Differences Similarities Differences

17. Research Project Guidelines
Individual assignment
MLA format
12 pt font
Times New Roman
Double spaced
2 pages + works cited page. (So 3 pages total)
See Example ----->>>>>>>

18. What your project needs
1st page: #1 in packet
2nd page: #2 in packet
Compare & Contrast Nuclear and Fossil
Name, date, period, teacher
Cleverly-named title
2 paragraphs (5 sent each)
1st paragraph: Benefits of nuclear fuel
2nd paragraph: Benefits of fossil fuel
Letter to the Editor
Which kind of power plant should be built?
Why?
You must have at least 2 sources from the internet.

19. What your project needs
3rd page:
Works cited
Use citation generator to correctly cite your web sources
List all sources used (GOOGLE DOES NOT COUNT)
Easybib.com