1. Achievements of MDGs and Challenges of SDGs in Morocco
Lamlili M., Boutayeb W., and Boutayeb A. | Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed 1st  Oujda, Morocco
ABSTRACT
Table1 Evolution of inequality in expenditure per capita (value in MAD and % of total expenditure)
D. MDG4: Reduce child mortality
Year
National
Urban
Rural D1
(%)
D10
Ratio
U/R
D10/D1
Gini index
2000/2001
8280
10642
(67%)
5288
(33%)
2179
(2.6%)
26615
(32.1%)
2.01
12.2
0.408
2006/2007
11233
13894
(64%)
7777
(36%)
2960
37175
(33.1%)
1.79
12.6
0.407
2012
19267
23687
(68%)
11101
(32%)
4261
(2.1%)
69021
(36.8%)
2.13
16.2
0.398
By 2015, Morocco has reached MDG4. Under five mortality dropped from 76‰ in 1989 to 27.6‰ in However, the under-five mortality rate shows inequality between :
Despite the satisfying achievements of MDGs, Morocco is still facing difficulties in term of the persistent social disparities (gender gap, regional and area of residence inequalities and rich/poor differences).
With a set of 17 goals the SDGs aim to go further than the MDGs by giving recommendations to reduce inequalities between and within countries.
In our analytic study, we present and discuss the strategies launched by the Moroccan authorities in order to achieve the SDGs by emphasizing the reduction of gaps between men and women, different regional contexts, and across educational and socioeconomic levels.
rural (35‰) and urban (25‰)
non educated mother (33.3‰) and educated mother (22.6‰)
and poor (36‰) and rich (21‰)
E. MDG5: Improve maternal health
Although, maternal mortality rate has decreased by more than 66% in twenty years (from 332 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births in to 112 in ) and by 35% (from 2010 to 2015) inequities are still there.
BACKGROUND
Table3 Maternal mortality rate by area of residence
Rural
Urban
National
Rural/Urban
2003
267
183
225
1,45
2010
148 73
112
2,02
2015
111
44,53
72,6
2,49
Morocco has achieved most of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) that were set for the period These achievements pertain to those goals related to reducing poverty (MDG1), achieving universal primary education (MDG2), reducing child mortality (MDG4) and improving maternal health (MDG5). However, most socioeconomic indicators like  those dedicated to MDGs are national averages that may hide huge inequalities at different levels (such as gender, urban-rural, rich-poor, educated-illiterate, and between regions). One of the main differences between the MDGs and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) lies in the fact that the latter aim to leave no one behind by reducing inequalities on top of improving national averages .
MDG2: Achieve universal primary education
The national level of literacy rate in the population aged 10 years and above reached 68% in 2014.
The household panel survey carried out by ONDH in 2012 revealed that literacy rate in the population aged 10 years and above reached :
Table4 Inequality in access to health care
78.8% Urban Vs % Rural
84.1% Urban men Vs % Rural Women
81.1% Richest Quintile Vs % Poorest quintile
92.7% Rich urban men Vs % Poor rural women
Assisted deliveries
by skilled personnel /
Prenatal visits
(Four visits or plus)
2011
Urban
Rural 60 25
Mother without education
Mother with secondary level or + 34 84
Quintile Q1
Quintile Q5 na na
13.8
71.7
National
42.6
MATERIAL AND METHODS:
This work is based on : the 2015 National Report on Morocco (High Commission for Planning) , data from the 2014 Housing and Population General Census, the 2012 Consumption and Expenditures Survey, and the 2011 Demographic and Health Survey.
RESULTS: Assessment of inequality reduction in parallel of MDGs achieved in Morocco
MDG1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
The proportion of the Moroccan population living in absolute poverty, relative poverty and vulnerability was reduced by half between 1990 and 2015 meaning that Morocco has reached the targets of the corresponding MDG1. However the gap between rural and urban increased.
Fig4 Net enrolment rates in junior secondary education for years old (in %)
Table2 Average years and Gini index of education in Moroccan regions
Years
Gini index
Tanger-Tétouan-AlHoceima
5.18
0.54
L’Oriental
5.28
Fès-Meknès
5.47
Rabat-Salé-Kénitra
6.35
0.49
BéniMellal-Khénifra
4.85
0.57
Casablanca-Settat
6.71
0.46
Marrakech-Safi
4.76
0.58
Drâa-Tafilalet
5.17
Souss-Massa
5.19
0.55
Guelmim-OuedNoun
5.67
Laayoune-SakiaElHamra
7.08
0.42
Eddakhla-OuedEddahab
6.25
0.45
National
5.64
Fig5 Number of inhabitants per doctor in different regions of Morocco (2012)
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS FOR A MORE EQUITABLE SOCIETY
Absolute poverty
For instance, in 2014, absolute poverty rate was 8.9% in rural zones versus 1.1% in urban areas
Ideally, these MDG-related achievements would be maintained, while socioeconomic inequalities and health inequity would be further reduced through striving to meet the SDGs.
Strategy
Fig1 Evolution of the absolute poverty rate by area of residence (in %)
Reverse the rising social inequalities
Maintain the cadence of urban poverty reduction and activate that of rural poverty;
Mitigate the poverty felt due to low levels of education-training, precarious employment, financial and social insecurity…
Generalise RAMED dedicated to poor people without health insurance coverage (only 26% belong to the poorest quintile, and 7.9% belong to the richest quintile)
Stress on scolarisation by adopting the prioritisation of equity and equality of chances. 
Morocco recently subdivided administratively into 12 regions instead of 16
Improve governance( fighting against corruption, decentralisation and enhance the new created regions by equitable human and material ressources).
Vulnerability
Multidimensional poverty
C. MDG3: Promote gender equality and empower women
Fig2 Evolution of vulnerability rate (%) by area of residence
Fig3 Evolution of Multidimensional poverty rate (%) by area of residence
Evolution of labor force participation rate of 15 and over years old by area of residence and sex (in %)