1. The Authoritarian & Totalitarian States
U14 – Anxiety & Interwar Years
AP European History
Ms. Tully - UHS

2. A. The Retreat From Democracy
New distrust for democracy
Postwar societies divided – class, gender
Great Depression  Polarized politics

3. B. Totalitarian States Immediate origins in total war of WWI
Expected loyalty & commitment of citizens to goals of the regime
Mass propaganda & communication
Led by single party & gov’t
GR & ITLY – extreme right & nationalism
RS – extreme left & Marxism
New concept of political spectrum

4. C. Italy & WWI 700,000 soldiers dead, 148 billion lire expense
Felt it was cheated in peace treaty
Huge unemployment  dissatisfied veterans

5. D. Birth of Fascism Benito Mussolini (1883-1945)
Founded Fascio di Combattimento in 1919
Industrial & agricultural strikes of  class warfare & violence
Middle class industrialists & landowners attracted to fascism

6. 5. Squadristi – bands of armed fascists -> attacked & bullied socialists 6. Fascist Blackshirts threatened march on Rome 7. King Victor Emmanuel III made Mussolini PM of Italy – Oct. 29, 1922

7. E. Mussolini & the Fascist Italian State
Fascist Party had enormous electoral victory for parliament in 1924
Mussolini established dictatorship by 1926 – Il Duce
All other parties outlawed
Publications against Church, monarchy, or state banned
No due process for arrests – OVRA as new secret police

8. 6. Fascist education policy & organizations
7. Women into the home” – reduced male unemployment
8. Police state never as effective as Nazi Germany or Stalinist Russia
9. Lateran Accords, 1929 – recognized independence of Vatican City

9. F. Weimar Germany New democratic state after defeat in WWI
No outstanding political leader, unstable
Gov’t never fully controlled the army
Economic difficulties
Paved way for Nazi’s

10. G. Emergence of Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
Youthful ambition to be an artist
Racist, Anti-Semitic, German Nationalist  belief in need for struggle
Dispatch Runner for GR in WWI – monochrism?

11. H. Rise of the Nazis
1921 – Hitler head of National Socialist German Workers’ Party (Nazis)
Created flags, uniforms, newspaper, police force (SA or Storm Troops)
Hitler’s oratorical skills brought followers
Beer Hall Putsch of 1923
Mein Kampf – autobiography of Hitler’s life & ideology

12. I. Hitler’s New Tactics
Nazis would have to use constitutional means to gain power
Fuhrerprinzip – leadership principle  single minded party, one leader
Nazis a national organization by 1929 – 178,000 members
New strategy in policy  pursue middle class & lower-middle class votes in rural areas
1930 Elections – Nazis won 18% of vote, 107 seats in Reichstag

13. J. Nazi Seizure of Power Elections from 1930-1932 increased Nazi power
Effective at developing modern electioneering techniques
Hitler appointed Chancellor Jan. 30, 1933 by President Hindenburg
Hermann Goring – minister of interior, head of police in Prussian state

14. 5. Burning of the Reichstag – Feb. 27, 1933 6
5. Burning of the Reichstag – Feb. 27, Parliament elections in March 1933 – Nazis now complete majority 7. The Enabling Act of 1933 – no constitutional form of gov for four years 8. Gleichschaltung – coordination of all institutions under Nazi control

15. 9. Nazis offered national awakening 10
9. Nazis offered national awakening 10.Two sources of opposition: armed forces & SA – led by Ernest Rohm 11.Hindenberg died Aug. 2, 1934 – Hitler had army kill Rohm & SA leaders, eliminated office of president  sole ruler of GR 12. Third Reich had begun

16. K. The Nazi State Hitler’s goal to create “total state”
Mass demonstrations & spectacle
SS, or Schutzstaffeln – Protection Squad/Secret Police, led by Heinrich Himmler

17. 4. Churches, schools, universities brought under Nazi control
5. Hitler Youth & German Girls Association – Nazi youth groups
6. Women seen as wives/mothers – Annual motherhood ceremony on Aug. 12th
Strong anti-semitism & racism, Nuremberg Laws of 1935
8. Kristalnacht Nov. 9-10th, 1938