1. Neuro-ophthalmology

3. Broadman area 17

5. Lesions in Visual Pathway

6. SIGNS OF OPTIC NERVE DYSFUNCTION:
1- Decreased visual acuity.
2- Diminish light pupillary reflex.
3- Dyschromatopsia
4- Diminished light brightness sensitivity.
5- Visual field defect

8. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS:
perimetry
Visual Evoked Potential (VEP)
MRI
Fluorescein angiography

11. OPTIC NEURITIS 1- Ophthalmoscopic classification:
a- Retrobulbar neuritis
b- Papillitis

14. OPTIC NEURITIS 2- Aetiological classification:
a- Demyelinating:most common cause.
b- Para-infectious: a viral or immunization.
c- Infectious:
d- Autoimmune: systemic autoimmune disease.

16. OPTIC ATROPHY
PRIMARY

17. OPTIC ATROPHY 1- Primary optic atrophy Causes:
- Retrobulbar neuritis (not papillitis).
- Compressive lesions.
- Hereditary optic neuropathies.
- Toxic and nutritional optic neuropathies.

18. OPTIC ATROPHY
SECONDARY

19. OPTIC ATROPHY 2- Secondary optic atrophy Causes:
- Chronic papilloedema.
- AION (Anterior Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy):
- Papillitis.

20. PAPILLOEDEMA
BILATERAL

21. Differential diagnosis of papilloedema:
1- Malignant hypertension.
2- Bilateral papillitis.
3- Bilateral compressive thyroid ophthalmopathy.
4- Bilateral simultaneous AION.
5- Bilateral compromised venous drainage.

22. ABNORMAL PUPILLARY REACTION
Applied Anatomy

24. AFFERENT PUPILLARY CONDUCTION DEFECTS
A total afferent defect (TAPD, amaurotic pupil)
A relative afferent defect (RAPD, Marcus Gunn pupil)

25. RAPD

26. NEAR REFLEX
'light-near dissociation'
Dark
Light
Near

27. SYMPATHETIC SUPPLY
Applied Anatomy

28. HORNER SYNDROM