1. ENGLISH MORPHOLOGY Word – Morpheme Analysis Meeting 3
Dr. R. Arief Nugroho, S.S., M.Hum.

3. Presentation Outline The atom of word The nature of morphemes
Free – bound morpheme

4. Helicopter, pteropus, diptera
Bible, bibliography, bibliophile
Prefer, infer, defer, confer, transfer, refer
[bear, bring, send]
Etymological information vs. Synchronic information

5. “Smallest, indivisible units of semantic content or grammatical function which words are made up of. They cannot be decomposed into smaller units...”
dog, dogs, black, blackens, play, player, tank, plank, flank
-s (plural form)
-en (verb from adjective)
-er (agentive nominal from a verb)
Try these
Player, caller
Kindness, goodness
Kitchenette, cigarette
Ex-wife, ex-minister
Pre-war, pre-school
Miskick, misjudge

6. What distincts morphem types?
A further division among morphemes involves whether they can occur on their own or not
dogs, kicked, cranberry
Free morpheme
Bound morpheme
Try these
Unjust, untidy, uncle, under

7. Another distinction:
Content Morphemes: morphemes that have a referential function that is independent of grammatical structure; e.g. dog, kick, etc.
Sometimes these are called “open-class” because speakers can add to this class at will
Function morphemes: morphemes that are bits of syntactic structure– e.g. prepositions, or morphemes that express grammatical notions like [past] for past tense.
Sometimes called “closed-class” because speakers cannot add to this class

8. The bound/free and content/function
distinctions are not the same. Some examples:
Content Function
Bound cran- -ed
Free dog the

9. Words have an internal structure that requires analysis into constituents (much like syntactic structure does)
For example:
Unusable contains three pieces: un-, use, -able
Question: If we are thinking about the procedures for building words, is the order
derive use-able, then add un-; or
derive un-use, then add -able

11. Consider:
With –able, we create adjectives meaning ‘capable of being V-ed’, from verbs V
Break/break-able; kick/kick-able
There is no verb un-use
This is an argument that Structure 1 is correct:
[un [use able]]
This analysis fits well with what the word means as well: not capable of being used. Structure two would mean some thing like ‘capable of not being used’

12. TATAP MATA SAYA, LET’S ROCK EXERCISE 2
STOP BEING ‘GALAU’, EH? LET’S ROCK THE EXERCISE 2

13. Exercise
Give the morphological structure of the following English words: “contrastive”, “blue-eyed”, “disconnecting”
What is the meaning of the morphemes represented in writing by “ex-”, “dis-”, “un-”, “re-”, and “-less” in the following words:
Dislike
Unfasten
Unhappy
Ex-monk
Rewrite
Disallow
Priceless
Recover