1. The Lymphatic System
Function 1: to return interstitial fluid to blood stream
Function 2: to provide working location for immune systemx

3. IMMUNE SYSTEM Immunity is the ability to defend against pathogens.
Pathogen: an organism or virus that causes disease.
ex. infectious agents, foreign cells, even abnormal body cells (cancer).

4. NONSPECIFIC DEFENSE SKIN CILIA MUCOUS MEMBRANES STOMACH ACID
RESIDENTIAL BACTERIA
Sweat, tears, saliva have lysozyme.
keratin

5. INTERFERONS Small proteins Active only against viruses
Released by invaded cell
To “warn” neighbor cells
Inhibit reproduction of viruses.

7. Inflammatory response
Skin is cut
Histamines released by damaged cells
WBC’s attracted (phagocytes)
Blood flow increased
Capillaries permeable to phagocytes
Phagocytes ingest pathogens by endocytosis
Local temp rises
Blood clot forms with platelets
Hot, red, swollen, painful. :(

9. BLOOD CELLS 1 in 1000 blood cells is a leukocyte
A. ERYTHROCYTES
B. LEUKOCYTES
Phagocytes
Lymphocytes.

10. Phagocyte: NEUTROPHILS
50-70% OF WBC’S
Push thru capillaries to phagocytize invaders
Filled with lysosomes with hydrolytic enzymes.

11. Phagocyte: BASOPHILS Role in allergic reaction release histamines.
0.1% OF WBC’s
Role in allergic reaction
release histamines.

12. Phagocyte: EOSINOPHILS
1-4% of WBC’s
Infections with parasites
Granules have toxins.

13. Phagocyte: Monocytes
Circulate & Lodge in spleen, liver, lungs, lymph nodes
Transformed into MACROPHAGES in tissues
Ingest bacteria and viruses
“cell eaters”
2-8% of WBC’s
Activate Helper-T cells
(lymphocytes) by presenting antigen

14. Lymphocytes: Specific defense
% of WBC’s
2 types:
B (bone) cells
for humoral immunity
T (thymus) cells
For cell-mediated immunity
Secrete lymphokines
(interleukins to activate B cells and attract macrophages)

15. B lymphocytes have antigen receptors produce antibodies (proteins)
offer humoral immunity
activated by helper-T cells

16. Antibody activity 1. Coat & Clump “agglutination”
2. Combine & Interfere “neutralization”
3. With complement, lyse & destroy.
antibody

18. Clonal selection theory of B lymphocytes

19. IMMUNE RESPONSE PRIMARY: plasma & memory cells day zero exposure
SECONDARY: immediate day 28 exposure
Vaccinations (heat killed, weakened, close strains)
Passive immunity versus Active immunity.

20. T Lymphocytes mature in the thymus; several types
helper T cells (recognize Class II MHC)
Activate B plasma cells with receptor
cytotoxic T cells (recognize Class I MHC)
Attack and lyse invaded cell (or cancer cell)
Or make clones & memory cells
Or release chemicals to attract monocytes
Or release toxins or interferons
natural killer cells attack tumors & microbes
do not need specific antigen
supressor T cells
turn off immune response.

21. Major Histocompatability Complex
MHC
Class I for body cells (nucleated)
Class II for immune cells
20 different glycoproteins each with 8-10 choices.

22. Helper T Cells

23. Cytotoxic T Cells

24. Central Role of Helper T Cells

25. Immune system Nonspecific: Specific:
anatomic barriers,inflammatory, interferons
Specific:
Humoral with B-cells and antibodies
Cell mediated with T-cells.

26. HIV - AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus is responsible for
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
HIV infects the helper T-cells.
Body is vulnerable to opportunistic pathogens.
Transmission: bodily fluids
i.e. blood, sex, breast milk, across placenta

27. HIV

28. Helper T Cell releasing HIV

29. Citations

30. Cytotoxic T-cell attacking a body cell infected with a virus.