1. IV. Colonial Conflict

2. A. Resistance & Rebellion
1. Amerindians & Slaves:
- secret practicing of religious rituals, prayers
- fleeing to urban centers
- suicide among Amerindians
- sabotage of machinery (mines, plantations)
- poisoning slave owners

3. Slave-led communities:
- palenques in Spanish colonies
- quilombos in Brazil
- maroon colonies in Caribbean/U.S.
3. Palmares (Brazil): 1000’s of slaves lived for 60 years before being retaken (1694)

4. B. 18th Century Changes s:
indentured labor replaced with rapid growth of African slave trade
rice farms & indigo plantations imported slaves
emergence of distinctive cultures & languages

5. 2. Stono Rebellion (1739):
armed slaves in S. Carolina
rebellion frightened slave owners
18th c. Brazil: sugar, diamond mines, cotton, coffee
Africans soon became largest ethnic group in Brazil

6. 4. Amerindian uprisings increased
- Túpac Amaru “the last Inca”
- educated by Jesuits
- mostly Amerindians, but some
Creoles, mestizos, & slaves joined
- more than 100,000 killed

7. Diamond Mining in Brazil

9. C. Bourbon Reforms “Bourbon Reforms”:
- Spanish America & Brazil increased inter-colonial
trade…but tightened trans-Atlantic control
- expansion of commercial monopolies
- restrictions on local Creole access to political office
- “colonials” engaged in tax rebellions, urban riots

10. D. Colonial Society is Born
By late 18th-c. “colonial” society a reality
Latin American society characterized by diverse ethnic groups & social classes
locally-born social groups led to…
- local demands for political autonomy…

11. E. Colonial Economies:
Potosi silver mines stimulated wheat imports from Chile, livestock from Argentina, textiles Ecuador
Brazil’s sugar connected to rest of Spanish America (Rio de Janeiro & Bahia ports for exports -- tea, hides, livestock, silver)
Brazil: regional source of slaves