1. Primary Repair of Esophageal Perforation
David T. Cooke, MD, Christine L. Lau, MD 
Operative Techniques in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 
Volume 13, Issue 2, Pages (June 2008)
DOI: /j.optechstcvs
Copyright © 2008 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

2. Figure 1
The esophagus has anatomical points of narrowing or constriction that make the organ prone to injury at these areas. The areas are the cricopharyngeus muscle of the cervical esophagus, the area of broncho-aortic constriction at the proximal one-third of the esophagus, and the distal esophagogastric junction. m. = muscle.
Operative Techniques in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.optechstcvs )
Copyright © 2008 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

3. Figure 2
Iatrogenic cervical esophageal injuries commonly occur at Killian's triangle, which is a narrow area bordered by the horizontal cricopharyngeus muscle inferiorly and the oblique inferior constrictor muscles superiorly. The area within the triangle lacks posterior esophageal muscularis and is easily penetrated, as illustrated by the flexible esophagoscope. m. = muscle.
Operative Techniques in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.optechstcvs )
Copyright © 2008 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

4. Figure 3
(A) The left neck is entered through a 5- to 7-cm incision along the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle (dashed line). The cricoid prominence is palpated as an external landmark, and one-third of the incision is made above the level of the cricoid cartilage, and two-thirds of the incision is extended below. If the esophageal injury involves the proximal one-third of the thoracic esophagus, the neck incision can be extended onto the sternum (dotted line), and the manubrium can be partially split to provide better access to the superior mediastinum. (B) The plane of the dissection is carried medial to the sternocleidomastoid muscle and carotid sheath, and lateral to the thyroid gland and trachea (bold line). a. = artery; m. = muscle; v. = vein.
Operative Techniques in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.optechstcvs )
Copyright © 2008 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

5. Figure 4
The incision is carried down through the platysma muscle, identifying the sternohyoid and omohyoid strap muscles, while the sternocleidomastoid muscle is retracted laterally with an Army–Navy retractor. The omohyoid muscle is divided, and its cut belly is followed down to the carotid sheath. m. = muscle.
Operative Techniques in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.optechstcvs )
Copyright © 2008 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

6. Figure 5
If necessary, the middle thyroid vein and inferior thyroid artery are divided if those vessels are in the surgeon's view. The trachea and thyroid gland are retracted medially by the assistant's finger, exposing the esophagus. Note a finger is used for retraction in the tracheoesophageal groove and not a metal retractor. A metal retractor such as an Army–Navy increases the risk of injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve. Although care must be taken when placing retraction on the tracheoesophageal groove, identification of the recurrent laryngeal nerve is not necessary. a. artery; v. = vein.
Operative Techniques in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.optechstcvs )
Copyright © 2008 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

7. Figure 6
Although the trachea is retracted medially and the carotid is retracted laterally, the surgeon mobilizes the esophagus by encircling it with his or her finger, starting at the medial border of the esophagus and extending down posteriorly to the prevertebral fascia. This mobilization is performed using a combination of blunt dissection with a finger and sharp dissection with Metzabaum scissors. The mobilized esophagus is then encircled with a ¼-inch Penrose drain for easy traction.
Operative Techniques in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.optechstcvs )
Copyright © 2008 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

8. Figure 7
The mucosal injury is generally more extensive than the apparent muscularis defect. A longitudinal myotomy is performed with cautery until the full extent of the mucosal tear is apparent, and the mucosa is debrided, as necessary, to fresh edges.
Operative Techniques in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.optechstcvs )
Copyright © 2008 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

9. Figure 8
After the esophageal repair, a finger is passed down posterior to the esophagus and anterior to the prevertebral fascia down into the superior mediastinum, followed by a sucker, to remove any fluid or effluent. A flat Blake drain is then placed into the superior mediastinum along this path and externalized, for closed drainage.
Operative Techniques in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.optechstcvs )
Copyright © 2008 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

10. Figure 9
After the wound is copiously irrigated, the platysma muscle is closed with widely spaced interrupted 4-0 Vicryl sutures, and the skin is closed with a running 4-0 nylon suture.
Operative Techniques in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.optechstcvs )
Copyright © 2008 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

11. Figure 10
Injuries to the distal third of the esophagus are managed through the left side of the chest, via the seventh intercostal space. The patient is placed in the right lateral decubitus position, and a roll is placed just bellow the axilla, to protect the brachial plexus. The table is flexed to increase the intercostal spaces, and reverse Trendelenberg tilting of the table is provided until the thorax is parallel to the floor.
Operative Techniques in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.optechstcvs )
Copyright © 2008 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

12. Figure 11
In harvesting an intercostal muscle flap for a reinforced repair, the muscle of the seventh interspace is carefully cauterized off of the seventh rib, and the neurovascular bundle is gently levered off of the rib with a periosteal elevator. The muscle is then cauterized off of the eighth rib. The muscle is divided anteriorly and mobilized posteriorly as a pedicle. It is wrapped in moist gauze and set aside until the end of the case.
Operative Techniques in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.optechstcvs )
Copyright © 2008 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

13. Figure 12
After the chest is entered, any effusion, succus, or debris is evacuated. The lung is retracted anteriorly with a cloth-covered Harrington retractor, or other type of lung retractor. Beginning near the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm and between the aorta and the pericardium, the esophagus is mobilized with the surgeon's finger.
Operative Techniques in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.optechstcvs )
Copyright © 2008 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

14. Figure 13
The esophagus is then encircled with a Penrose drain for easy manipulation.
Operative Techniques in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.optechstcvs )
Copyright © 2008 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

15. Figure 14
With a 40-F or 46-F Maloney bougie inserted into the lumen, the esophageal mucosal edges are grasped and approximated with Allis clamps, and the mucosa is closed with a 3.5-mm load GIA surgical stapler (AutoSuture, Inc., Norwalk, CT).
Operative Techniques in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.optechstcvs )
Copyright © 2008 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

16. Figure 15
The second layer of muscularis is closed with an interrupted or running 4-0 absorbable suture. The repair may be reinforced with the intercostal muscle pedicled flap sewn in place with interrupted mattress sutures around the circumference of the flap.
Operative Techniques in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.optechstcvs )
Copyright © 2008 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions