1. Nursing Theorist Erickson, Tomlin, & Swain
By Jennifer Lovell and Savannah Southard

2. Background of the Theorists
Helen Erickson
Developed the Adaptive Potential Assessment Model (APAM)
Mary Ann Price Swain
Principal Investigator for NIH funded research project
Evelyn Malcolm Tomlin
Wrote about theory, calling it Erickson’s Self-Care Model

3. Modeling and Role Modeling Theory
“The focus of this theory is on the person. The nurse models (assesses), role models (plans), and intervenes in this interpersonal and interactive theory. They asserted that each individual unique, has some self-care knowledge, needs simultaneously to be attached to the separate from others, and has adaptive potential. Nurses in this theory, facilitate, nurture and accept the person unconditionally.”
Texas Woman’s University, 2017

4. Introduction of the Theory
Published in 1983
Significant changes in nursing actions
Adopted as a framework for medical-surgical units
Courses in MRM offered to graduate students
MRM Cohort -> Society for the Advancement of MRM
1st national conference in 1986

5. Modeling
Definition: to gain an understanding of the patient’s world from the patient’s perspective, to build a “model” from the patient’s world view (Society for the Advancement of Modeling & Role Modeling, 2015)

6. Role Modeling
Definition: using the patient’s model of the world to plan interventions that meet his or her perceived needs, and help him or her grow, develop, and heal (SAMRM, 2015)

7. Major Concepts
Maslow's Theory of Hierarchy of Needs (Self-actualization, self-esteem needs, belongingness and love needs, safety needs, and physiological needs
Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Stages (Trust – Despair)
Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development (Piaget’s Stage Theory of Cognitive Development is a description of cognitive development as four distinct stages in children: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete, and formal)
Seyle and Lazarus's General Adaptation Syndrome his stereotypical response pattern, called the General Adaptation Syndrome' (GAS)
(SAMRM, 2015)

8. Metaparadigm
The nursing paradigm is linked together by the person, health, environment and nursing. The Modeling and Role- Modeling theory has its own unique characteristics to describe each link of the paradigm (Erickson, Tomlin, & Twain, 2005)

9. Person
Each person has their own subsystem that interacts with genetics, and beliefs. The interacting subsystems include biophysical, psychological, social and cognitive (Erickson et.al 2005)

10. Environment
The environment is where people live internally and externally. Stressors are a daily part of life but a person can adapt to the stressors internally and externally. External factors may be necessary for clients who need assistance in recognizing stress and resources to adapt to stressors in his or her life

11. Health
The definition of health has expanded to not only include the absence of disease, but also the state of wellbeing which includes physical, mental and psychosocial.

12. Nursing
Facilitation
Nurturance
Unconditional

13. Goals of Intervention To build trust
Promote the patient's positive orientation
Promote the patient's control
Affirm and promote the patient's strengths
Set mutual, health-directed goals.

14. Jens Relation to Practice
Nursing role: Focus on the greater good
Holistic approach: Grounded in an ethic of caring
Nurturance: Sensitivity to diversity
Build trust: Respect for the worth of all
Focus on priorities of the community
Unconditional acceptance
Unbiased nursing care
Encompass mental and physical health

15. Savannah’s Relation to Practice
Nursing roles
Facilitation
Help to identify needs and achieve goals
Holistic approach
Nurturance
Build trust
Be supportive
Unconditional acceptance
Unbiased nursing care
Individualized care
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

16. In conclusion… Modeling & Role Modeling Theory SAMRM:
Beliefs about people, environments, health, and nursing
Holistic Nursing
SAMRM:
Promotes the study and integration of theoretical propositions and philosophical foundations through research, practice and continuing education
Develops a network for the support, stimulation and growth of the membership through newsletters, conferences and membership meetings
Disseminates knowledge and information through conferences and publication of conference proceedings
Addresses society needs by contributing to improvement of health care through proactive promotion of holistic health (SAMRM, 2015)

17. References
Erickson, H., Tomlin, E. & Swain, M. (2005) (8th Printing). Modeling and role- modeling: A theory and paradigm for nursing. Cedar Park TX: EST Company. (Original printing by Prentice Hall, 1983).
Erickson, H. (Ed). (2006) Modeling and role-modeling: a view from the client's world. Cedar Park, TX: Unicorns Unlimited.
Erickson, H. (1990). Theory based nursing. In H. Erickson & C. Kinney (Ed). Modeling and role-modeling: theory, practice and research. Vol 1(1), pp Cedar Park, TX: The Society for the Advancement of Modeling and Role-Modeling.
Society for the Advancement of Modeling & Role Modeling. (2015). Retrieved from
Texas Woman’s University. (2017). Evelyn Tomlin, Helen Erickson, and Mary Ann Swain (1983) modeling and role modeling theory. Retrieved from