1. UNIT ANIMALS
STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

2. Background All cells require energy
The digestive system is made up of several organs working together to break down food
Energy from food  ATP (energy source for cells)
Is all food equal?
Background

3. ~2/3 Body mass -Water makes up the bulk of blood, extracellular fluid, and other bodily fluids
Every one of your cells needs water to complete its processes
At least 1 L a day! Vital for fluid balance.
Water

4. H20ooh that’s refreshing!
Flushing toxins from cells
Lubricating tissues and joints
Forming essential body fluids, such as blood & mucus
Regulating body temperature (by sweating)
Eliminating waste materials (in urine & sweat)
H20ooh that’s refreshing!

5. C, H & O
Major energy source for your body (right away or can be stored for later)
Simple carbs include sugars (Glucose = main fuel supply for your cells): mono-, di-
Glucose not used immediately by cells can be incorporated into larger (complex) carbs or used to make fat molecules (glycogen in animals)
Complex carbs: i.e. starch (polysaccharide)
(from grains, bread, rice, potatoes, crackers)
are broken down by your digestive system
into simple sugars
Carbohydrates

6. Carbohydrates

7. Amylase What is happening here? Where in the body does it take place?
Amylases
Starch
Simpler sugars/carbs
Amylase

8. Complex molecules made from 20 kinds of amino acids (smaller molecules)
Hair, muscles, and provide long term nutrient storage
Some help fight off microorganisms, others convey messages from one cell to another
Enzymes are special proteins, speed up chemical reactions
8 essential amino acids that your cells cannot make = need foods that provide them: meat, milk, beans, rice, lentils, eggs, cheese
Proteins

9. Lipids Molecules formed from fatty acids and glycerol
Store energy in your body, help absorb fat soluble vitamins
Saturated fats: single bonded C atoms (animal fats lard, butter): bad in large amounts clog arteries increase our chances of heart disease
Trans fats: processed to accept more H
atoms to C atom (margarine); used in frying, fast foods, contribute to heart disease
Unsaturated fats: double bond (fruits, vegetables, fish, olive oil)
Lipids

10. Vitamins: organic nutrients needed in small amounts (micronutrients) to regulate body processes and perform chemical reactions
Water soluble vs. fat soluble:
Vitamin C: need in diet daily, cannot store… Sailors!
Fat soluble vitamins?
A, D, E and K can be stored in fatty tissue
Minerals: inorganic nutrients
Calcium: bones, teeth
Needed to replace minerals lost in sweat,
urine and digestive wastes
Vitamins and Minerals

11. The Roles of Minerals Mineral Key Function in Body Possible Sources
Calcium
Forming bone
Conducting nerve signals
Contracting muscle
Diary products,
Leafy greens
Iron
Producing hemoglobin
Red meat, cereal
Magnesium
Supporting enzyme functions
Producing protein
Dark, leafy greens
Potassium
Grains
Sodium
Balancing body fluid
Salt
The Roles of Minerals

12. The Roles of Vitamins Vitamin Key Function in Body Possible Sources
A (Carotene)
Good vision
Healthy skin & muscle tone
Fruit
B1 (Thiamine)
Metabolizing carbs
Growth & muscle tone
Beans C
Healthy bones, teeth, gums
Boosting immune system D
Absorbing calcium
Forming bone
Fish E
Strengthening red blood cell membranes
The Roles of Vitamins

13. What’s in your food?

14. What’s in your food?

15. What’s in your food?

16. Activity!
What’s in your food?

17. What’s in your food?

18. Aquatic animals that use a body structure similar to a filter basket to gather small organisms suspended in the water.
Siphons water into its mouth and then filters it to obtain small organisms to digest.
Examples include flamingoes, tube worms, clams, barnacles, and baleen whales.
Filter Feeders

19. Obtain food by sucking or licking nutrient-rich fluids from live plants or animals.
Mouth parts are adapted to pierce or rip skin or leaf tissue and are used to suck or lick the blood or sap that is their food.
Examples: mosquitoes, ticks,
aphids, spiders, bees,
butterflies, vampire bats,
and hummingbirds.
Fluid Feeders

20. Live in or on their food source and eat their way through it.
Examples: caterpillars and earthworms.
Caterpillars eat their way through the green tissues of leaves.
Substrate Feeders

21. Include many animals and most vertebrates (including humans).
Bulk feeders ingest fairly large pieces of food and some, like the great blue heron, swallow their food whole.
Use tentacles, pincers, claws, fangs, or jaws and teeth to kill prey, to tear off pieces of meat or vegetation, or to take in mouthfuls of animal or plant food.
Bulk Feeders

22. Four stages of food processing
Ingestion: taking in/eating of food
Digestion: breaking down food (mechanically/chemically) into nutrients
Absorption: taking in of nutrients by cells = transport of products into circulatory system and to the rest of the body
Elimination: removal of undigested solid wastes
Four stages of food processing

23. Read pages
Complete Reader’s Digest(ion) and What’s in Your Food? handouts
Colour the Digestive System HW