1. Efficient Engineering teams fully specify before they design !!
Definition: “Statements of desired product performances and features used to define and quantify a product design”
User Level: Special list or labels which state the intended application and/or purpose of the product (Labeling)
Product Level: (System Level) Quantitatively state all features, performances, and interfaces in “Eng Terms”
Block Level: State all features, performances and interfaces describing the block in “Engineering Terms”
User Level >>> Validation (End User Testing)
Product & Block Level>>>Verification (Bench Testing)
Efficient Engineering teams fully specify before they design !!

2. Example of User to System Level – Flowdown
User Level: “Indoor/Outdoor Operation & Storage”
Product or System Level:
Max Oper Temp Range: -40C to 55C
Max Oper Humidity Range: % Non condensing
Max Oper Altitude Range: ft to 15,000 ft above sea level
Max Storage Temp Range: -50C to 65C
Max Storage Humidity Range: % Non condensing
Max Storage Pressure Range: 0.5 to 1.5ATM

3. Requirements Imply Proof of Satisfaction
Requirements Imply Proof of Satisfaction ! Implied Product Design Integrity !
Many Gov’t Agencies mandate that ALL product requirements should be user validated and/or engineering verified (tested or justified). A requirement which cannot be verified or validated should not be stated unless objective evidence can be compiled to prove its satisfaction
Requirement Categorization Used in this Course:
Standard: Common to ALL Project Teams
Performance: Unique to Project and Technology, For Differentiating

4. Design Blocks
Complex products require that the design be broken into logical design elements (termed blocks in this course)
Blocks form the basis of standardized design elements in this course.
The terms Product and System are used interchangably
Product Level Requirements can either be allocated or just associated to all design blocks.
The Project System Design entails defining ALL Block Performance Reqs incl Interfaces and Functions

5. Design Blocks Logical Design Partition Elements
Mandatory Rules About Design Blocks:
Design Blocks Must Cover 100% of Product Assembly
All Design Blocks Must have an Assigned Team Member (Owner)
Min 1 Design Block is Assigned to Each Team Member
Design Blocks May NOT be Jointly Assigned/Owned
Team Members May be Assigned More Than 1 Design Block
Min of 5 Elec Components Must be formally Specified by each Team Member and May Spread Across more than 1 Design Block
This includes all R’s, C’s, L’s, Sockets, Connectors, Cables, Displays, Relays, Switches, etc
Blocks form the basis of standardized design elements that are evaluated in this course

6. Allocation and Association to Design Blocks
ALL Product Level Requirements Must be allocated or associated to each Design Block within the project to complete a System Design Phase
Allocated: % of total budgeted to applicable design blocks plus margin. For example: Product Cost, Power Consumption, Mass ….
Associated: Used when allocation is not applicable. For example: Country(s) of Market, Annual Volume, Safety Standards ….

7. Product Level - Standard Requirements
Standard Requirements are those requirements which are universal and can be applied to nearly all products and hence final projects
Standard Requirements may or may not be differentiating depending upon project goals but MUST be part of the minimum description of the product
Standard Reqs Are Common to Nearly ALL Projects

8. Choose & Understand your Market “before” …………. you design a product
System - Std Reqs: Market & Business Case
Requirement Units to Specify
Competitors
Market Size
Average List Price
Market Geography
Market Demography
Intended Application
Material Cost
Manufacturing Cost
Annual Volume
Company Name(s), Model#(s)
Total $/Region, Info Source
$/unit as sold to customers
List of Countries or Regions
Min/Max Age, Sex, Restrictions
Ind, Auto, Home, Wearable, etc
$/unit in volume production
# of units/yr
Choose & Understand your Market “before” …………. you design a product

9. Consider Simultaneous Min or Max Cases Some will NOT be “testable”
System - Std Reqs: Env & Safety
Requirement Units to Specify
Min Oper Temp Range
Min Oper Humidity Range
Min Oper Alt or Press Range
Min Storage Temp Range
Min Storage Humidity Range
Min Storage Alt or Press Range
Max Storage Duration
Primary EMC Standards
Primary Safety Standards
Co Range
Rh% Range
Meters or ATM, Range
Time in Days or Years
List of IEC or FCC stds
List UL, IEC or other stds
Consider Simultaneous Min or Max Cases Some will NOT be “testable”

10. System - Std Reqs: Power Input(s) Requirement Units to Specify
AC, Battery, Photovoltaic, Generator, Fuel Cell, Thermopile etc
Permanent or Temporary
Voltage Range, For each Source
Max Total Watts, For each Source
Watt-Hours/Yr for AC Power, mAHrs for Batteries (Calendar Life Time)
Energy Source List
Source Connection List
Min Oper Voltage Range
Max Power Consumption
Max Energy Consumption
Must consider power source(s) early Undefined DC power sources NOT allowed

11. Package and Mechanical Design Impact Many Product Aspects
System - Std Reqs: Mechanical
Requirement Units to Specify
Max Volume
Max Ship Container Size
Max Mass
Elec I/F Connector(s)
Max # of PC Bds
Max PCB Circuit Area
Max Shock
Cm3 Total for Entire Product
Cm Max LxWxH for 1 unit
Kilograms
Type & Style (subD, BNC, etc)
Total #
Cm2 Total
G force (Grms), # Reps (depends on environment)
Package and Mechanical Design Impact Many Product Aspects

12. System - Std Reqs: Mfg & Life Cycle Requirement Units to Specify
Max Parts Count
Max Unique Parts Count
Parts/Mat $ Allocation
Asm/Test $ Allocation
Product Life, Reliability
Full Warranty Period
Product Disposition
Production Life Support
Service Strategy
# Total Parts incl elec & mech
# of Unique Parts
$ (Parts+Mfg=Product Cost)
Time = MTBF(yrs)
Time (yrs)
Return, Recycle, Dispose, etc
Dispose or Repair, Factory or Field
Product designs should consider full “life cycle” from Mfg process to Disposal

13. System - Performance Requirements
Performance Requirements are those requirements which are specific to a product and project
Performance Requirements differentiate the product from all other similar products
Performance Requirements should describe ….
Signal Interfaces
Mechanical Interfaces
Features, Options
Modes of Operation
Performance Parameters
User Controls
User Displays and Outputs

14. Example Requirement Definition
System Perf Reqs: Functions & Capabilities
Example Requirement Definition
Accuracy, Resolution, Frequency of Update, Range
Inputs & Output Capability
Ex. RF: Distance, Sensitivity
Ex. Serial Link: Speed
Speed, Accel, Torque, Directions, Cycles, etc.
Examples:
Laser Sight Alignment
SSB & BFO Operation
650Mbyte Capacity
Gauge, Measurement of Some Physical Quantity
Basic Elec Capabilities
Basic Mech Capabilities
Basic Functions/Capabilities

15. Requirement Definition
System – Perf Reqs: Modes of Operation (Must be Considered if Applicable)
Requirement Definition
Power Modes
Power Saving Modes
Calibration Modes
Service Modes
ON/OFF, ON/AC, ON/Battery, etc
Standby, Idle, etc
Program, Configure, etc
Diagnostic, Test, etc
Others May Apply

16. All Applicable Must Be Defined
System – Perf Reqs: Power Input(s) (Must be Considered if Applicable)
Requirement Definition
AC Power Freq Range(s)
AC Power EMC Stds
Battery Chemistry
Battery Std Size
Battery Capacity
Hz, Range
EFT, Surge, Dropout, etc
Pb-Acid, Li, NMh, Alk, etc
CR2032, C, D, AA, etc
Min mA-Hrs
All Applicable Must Be Defined

17. There may be others to Add
System – Perf Reqs: Electrical Functions (Must be Defined if Applicable)
Requirement Definition
Voltage or Current Gain Ranges
Input – Output SNR
Frequency Response
Linearity and THD
Delay in uSec or mSec
Computation or Algorithm
Compute Speeds in Ops/Sec
Input – Output Delay
Analog Functions
Digital Functions
There may be others to Add

18. Every Signal Needs to be Defined in Detail
System – Perf Reqs: Electrical Interfaces (For each signal “grouping”)
Electrical Signal Req Definition
Signal Type
Signal Direction
Standard Definition
Basic Analog Characteristics
Detailed Analog Characteristics
Analog, Digital, or Power
Input, Output, Bidirectional
RS170 Video, RS232, USB, Custom, etc
Voltage Range, Frequency or Bandwidth Range
Impedance or Current Range
Offset Voltages, Currents
Error Voltages, Currents
Max Noise
Other Analog Characteristics
Every Signal Needs to be Defined in Detail

19. CANNOT use “TTL” or “CMOS” as Definition
System – Perf Reqs: Electrical Interfaces (For each signal “grouping”)
Electrical Signal Req Definition
Digital Input Type
Digital Output Type
Basic Digital Characteristics
Detailed Digital Characteristics
Std, Schmitt Trigger
Std, TriState, Open Collector
Outputs: Voh, Vol, Ioh, Iol
Inputs: Vih, Vil, Iih, Iil, Vth
Bidirect: Both
Hi Z Leakage Currents
Min Transition Times
Min Setup & Hold Times
Max Frequency
Offset Voltages, Currents
Error Voltages, Currents
Max Noise
Other Analog Characteristics
CANNOT use “TTL” or “CMOS” as Definition

20. All Applicable Must Be Defined
System – Perf Reqs: Operator I/F Outputs (Must be Considered if Applicable)
Requirement Definition
Optical Indicators, Lights
Display Type
Display Char Matrix
Display Size
Display Illumination
Screen Type
Screen Min X Resolution
Screen Min Y Resolution
Mechanical Indicators
Type, Size, Visibility, Speed, Color, Lumens
7 Segment, Matrix, LCD
Total Char/Row, Total Rows
Total Size HxW
Daylight LCD, BLLCD, LED, EL, etc
CRT, TFT Panel,
768, 1024, 1280, etc
512, 768, 1024, etc
Volume, Pitch, Duration, Vibration, Flags, Other
All Applicable Must Be Defined

21. All Applicable Must Be Defined
System – Perf Reqs: Operator I/F Inputs (Must be Considered if Applicable)
Requirement Definition
Switch Type
Keypad Type
Keypad Matrix
Keypad Size
Key Definitions
Keyboard Type
Keyboard I/F
Keyboard Total keys
Analog Dials
Toggle, Slide, Mom Push, DIP, etc
Matrix or Ind Key Switches
Total Columns, Total Rows
Total Size HxW
Layout, Functions, Labels
QWERTY, QWERTY w/Keypad
USB, IBM 5 Pin, RS232, etc
Number of Keys
Range of Input
Number of Turns
All Applicable Must Be Defined

22. Requirement Definition
System – Perf Reqs: Mech Interfaces (Must be Considered if Applicable)
Requirement Definition
Mounting
Carry Handles
Sensory
Connectors
Feet, Brackets, Clamps, etc
None, Grips, Bars, etc
Temp, Pressure, Humidity, RPM, Acceleration, Dist, etc
Sub D, IEC-320, USB, etc
Others May Apply

23. Compare Your Possible Projects
Project Recommendation
Reqs
3 Possible Proj
Brain Storm Ideas
Down Select Your Project Ideas:
Interest:
Does the project hold interest for ALL team members?
Can you identify similar products in the market?
How unique is the project compared to previous capstone projects?
Block Diagram:
Do the project blocks best match the skills and resources available on the team?
Does the block diagram contain at least 1 robust design block for each team member?
Is the block diagram overly complex

24. Compare Your Possible Projects
Project Recommendation
Reqs
3 Possible Proj
Brain Storm Ideas
Down Select Your Project Ideas:
System Perf Requirements:
Can you list the key differentiating performance requirements which would create market demand?
Are you able to quantify the key system performance requirements?
System Std Requirements:
Can you quantify ALL the system standard requirements?
Can you allocate applicable system standard requirements to ALL blocks?

25. Compare Your Possible Projects
Project Recommendation
Reqs
3 Possible Proj
Brain Storm Ideas
Down Select Your Project Ideas:
Prototype and Resources:
How difficult will it be to construct a prototype to demonstrate the primary functionality and performances?
Is the project dependent upon any development tools which may be difficult to procure or gain access to utilize?
Does the prototype depend on key components with lead times that could exceed the project timing requirements such as sensors, displays and transducers?
Does the available financial resource match the estimated cost of the prototype?

26. Excel Requirement Flowdown Template
Project Requirements Management Tool
Prerequisites For Use:
Team is assigned, Project is Selected by Team Decision
Product Block diagram is finalized (# of blocks, ownership, interfaces, etc)
Most Product Level Requirements have been proposed, discussed, agreed to
Spreadsheet Supports up to 10 Total Blocks (can be modified for more)
Data Is Entered In the Std and Perf Req sheets (1st two sheets) ONLY
Data Is Entered into Beige Shaded Blocks Only !
DO NOT enter data into the Block Spreadsheets
Block”n” sheets Xfer ALL info, titles, etc from Std and Perf Req sheets
Linkages are Built In for Block levels down to the Block-Block section

27. Excel Requirement Flowdown Template
Each Team Should Customize Template as Needed
Number of Design Blocks
Hide Columns if Unused, Fewer Blocks
Delete Extra Block Sheets
Be careful NOT to break Block linkages back to Standard and Perf Reqs Sheets
Add specific-unique Block Requirements in the Block-Block sections (next lab)

28. Excel Requirement Flowdown Template: Product Level - Standard
Categories: Market, Power, Mechanical, Environmental, Safety, Manufacturing, & Life Cycle

29. Excel Requirement Flowdown Template: Product Level - Standard
Quantified Requirements, Min, Max
Enter Number in Beige Shaded cells
Green Cells Autocalculate

30. Excel Requirement Flowdown Template: Product Level - Standard
Unquantifiable Requirements May also have Suggested Lists
Enter (Text) Countries, Names, Types, Styles,
Stds, etc in Beige shaded cells

31. Excel Requirement Flowdown Template: Product Level - Standard
For Allocations: Enter #% for each block
Total % Allocated in listed at right
1 Block May be Assigned as “Margin” and allocated a reasonable % of total OR …
Total % Used May be less than 100%

32. Excel Requirement Flowdown Template: Product Level - Standard
For Associations: Enter “XX” for each block that is associated with the product level requirements
The XX will transfer to each block sheet.

33. Excel Requirement Flowdown Template: Product Level - Performance
Categories:
User Inputs
User Indicators & Displays
Operation Modes
Electrical Interfaces
Electrical Performances
Mechanical Interfaces
Safety
Caution:
Perf Requirements Listed May NOT be applicable to your project
Use only those necessary
Add additional as necessary but be careful not to break links

34. Excel Requirement Flowdown Template: Product Level - Performance
Most Requirements are Quantifiable:
Min, Max Must be Entered as Defined
Enter Numbers in Beige Shaded cells

35. Excel Requirement Flowdown Template: Product Level - Performance
Unquantifiable Requirements have Suggested Lists
Enter (Text) in Beige shaded cells

36. Excel Requirement Flowdown Template: Product Level - Performance
Same Scheme for Allocation and Association
Caution: Not ALL quantifiable requirements will allocate, you may need to fall back on just association

37. Excel Requirement Flowdown Template: Product Level - Performance
Product Level Electrical and Mechanical Interfaces shown here will transfer to blocks to which they are contained in.
(but they must be associated correctly)

38. Excel Requirement Flowdown Template
Example of Block Output from Tool

39. Block-Block Interfaces: Must be customized to each block
Categories:
Digital Signal Inputs
Digital Signal Outputs
Analog Signal Inputs
Analog Signal Outputs
Power Inputs
Power Outputs
Electrical Transfer Functions
Mechanical (Connectors)
Caution:
Block Unique: Requirements Listed May NOT be applicable to your project
Use only those necessary
Add additional as necessary but be careful not to break links