1. The Rwandan Genocide 100 Days of Slaughter April 6, 1994-July 18, 1994
Source: David Simon, The Teaching of Africa, PIER, Yale University , July 11, 2005

4. Rwandan Genocide
Massacre of an estimated 800,000 – 1,071,000 ethnic Tutsis & moderate Hutus carried out by two Hutu extremist groups
The killings lasted about 100 days in 1994
The United Nations had little response to the genocide

5. The Beginning Started with a plane crash (April 6, 1994)
2 Presidents killed
Juvenal Habyarimana (Rwanda)
Cyprian Ntayamira (Burundi)
Neighboring Country

7. The Beginning Hutu extremists are considered responsible for the crash
President of Rwanda was about to sign a Peace Accord
The extremists disapproved

8. In Between Brutality period in between
Genocide of the Tutsi population by the radical Hutu population

9. The End Ended with a rebel victory by Tutsis
Rwandan Patriotic Army chase out FAR (Tutsis)
Genocide ended with their victory
800,000 people killed

10. The killings begin The same night of the plane crash
The Rwandan Armed Forces (FAR) and Hutu militia begin killing
Tutsis
Hutu moderates

11. The killings Begin
Roadblocks set up to capture Tutsis and Hutu moderates
Machetes are the weapon of choice for killings
Why????

14. The role of the U.N. Fails to intervene
Only allowed to “monitor” the situation

15. The killing of Belgian soldiers
10 Belgian soldiers who work for the United Nations
Guarding the Hutu prime minister at his home
Hutu radicals kill him and the Belgian soldiers

16. Defining Genocide The Question of Genocide Definition: One or Two?
any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such:
(a) Killing members of the group;
(b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;
(c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part;
(d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;
(e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.
One or Two?
Elimination of Tutsis was an explicit goal
Massacres of Hutus not part of an elimination plan
Or Zero?: Are Hutu and Tutsi ethnic groups?

17. Hutu and Tutsi Differences
Speak same language
Same customs
But…..
Tutsis had a history of having more power

18. Causes ‘Ethnic Conflict’
Historical Relations
Colonial
Germans and Belgians divided the 2 groups in 1916
Rigid boundaries
ID cards
Belgians gave the Tutsis superiority
Why?

19. Causes ‘Ethnic Conflict’
Tutsi Superiority
Better jobs
More educational opportunities
This leads to resentment by the Hutus…….

20. Causes ‘Ethnic Conflict’
Hutu Revolt in 1959
Hutu population begins to leave Rwanda for bordering countries

21. Rwandan independence 1962 Belgians leave Rwanda
Hutus still feel hostility towards Tutsis

22. Economic Tensions
Growth in ’70s and ’80s
But dependent on:
Coffee
Aid

23. Pre-genocide UN Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR)
Recommended: about 10,000 soldiers (a.s.a.p.)
Proposed: 5200 starting 9/93
Actual:
no one before 10/93
minimal equipment before 1/94
Maximum force of 2500 (in April 1994)

24. During the genocide United Nations United States Africa
Ten Belgians killed immediately
Forces (mostly) withdrawn, 4/20/94
United States
Denial
Non-cooperation
Africa
No force to get involved

25. The Aftermath International Tribune for Rwanda Rwandan courts
First recognition of rape as an offense of genocide
60+ indictments
Rwandan courts
125,000 detainees
2000 cases handled after 4 years
“justice on the grass”
Countrywide
Informal

26. Why study Rwanda?? A unique case or all too common?
International politics
Human interaction

28. Hotel Rwanda

29. Hotel Rwanda
The movie is based on the true events that took place during the genocidal violence that erupted in Rwanda
Between the Hutu and Tutsi ethnic groups in 1994
The central character is Paul Rusesabagina, a Hutu who managed a four-star in Kigali, the Capital of Rwanda
“Paul R.” helped to save 1,268 Tutsi & Hutu refugees

30. Paul Rusesabagina