1. Knowledge Representation Part II
Apache Jena
Knowledge Representation Part II
Jan Pettersen Nytun, UiA

2. This presentation is based on: Jena Ontology API http://jena. apache

3. … Jena is fundamentally an RDF platform, … limited to ontology formalisms built on top of RDF. … this means RDFS, the varieties of OWL.

4. The OWL language is sub-divided into three syntax classes:  OWL Lite, OWL DL and OWL Full.
[Wikipedia]:
Every legal OWL Lite ontology is a legal OWL DL ontology.
Every legal OWL DL ontology is a legal OWL Full ontology.

5. [Wikipedia]:
OWL Lite … intended to support those users primarily needing a classification hierarchy and simple constraints …
Development of OWL Lite tools has … proven almost as difficult as development of tools for OWL DL, and OWL Lite is not widely used.

6. [Wikipedia]:
OWL DL is designed to provide the maximum expressiveness possible while retaining computational completeness, decidability, and the availability of practical reasoning algorithms. OWL DL includes all OWL language constructs, but they can be used only under certain restrictions …

7. Soundness is the property of only being able to prove "true" things.
[ the-difference-between-soundness-and-completeness]
Soundness is the property of only being able to prove "true" things.
Completeness is the property of being able to prove all true things.
So a given logical system is sound if and only if the inference rules of the system admit only valid formulas. Or another way, if we start with valid premises, the inference rules do not allow an invalid conclusion to be drawn.
A system is complete if and only if all valid formula can be derived from the axioms and the inference rules. So there are no valid formula that we can't prove.
Together they imply that all and only validities are provable.

8. Decidability
[Wikipedia]:
The logically valid formulas of a system are sometimes called the theorems of the system, … A logical system is decidable if there is an effective method for determining whether arbitrary formulas are theorems of the logical system.
Upper case: Φ lower case: φ = phi (pronounced “pai”)
Φ is either true or false in the theory…

9. Gödel's incompleteness theorem
[Wikipedia]:
Recursively axiomatizable first-order theories that are rich enough to allow general mathematical reasoning to be formulated cannot be complete, as demonstrated by Gödel's incompleteness theorem. … For any such system, there will always be statements about the natural numbers that are true, but that are unprovable within the system.

10. [Wikipedia]:
OWL Full[edit] … a class can be treated simultaneously as a collection of individuals and as an individual in its own right ... OWL Full allows an ontology to augment the meaning of the pre-defined (RDF or OWL) vocabulary. OWL Full is undecidable, so no reasoning software is able to perform complete reasoning for it.

11. Jena Graph Interface
Graph is an internal Jena interface that supports the composition of sets of RDF triples. The asserted statements, which may have been read in from an ontology document, are held in the base graph.

12. The reasoner, or inference engine, can use the contents of the base graph and the semantic rules of the language to show a more complete set of base and entailed triples. This is also presented via a Graph interface, so the OntModel works only with the outermost interface.

13. The base graph can be an in-memory store, a database-backed persistent store, or some other storage structure altogether …

14. Creating Ontology Models
OntModel m = ModelFactory.createOntologyModel();
This will create an ontology model with the default settings:
OWL-Full language
in-memory storage
RDFS inference, which principally produces entailments from the sub-class and sub-property hierarchies.

15. An OWL model that performs no reasoning at all can be created with:
In many applications, such as driving a GUI, RDFS inference is too strong. 
An OWL model that performs no reasoning at all can be created with:
OntModel m = ModelFactory.createOntologyModel( OntModelSpec.OWL_MEM );

17. Testing Reasoning in Jena Input Ontology
@prefix : < .
@prefix rdf: < .
@prefix owl: < .
@prefix xml: < .
@prefix xsd: < .
@prefix rdfs: < .
:hasApprovedId a owl:DatatypeProperty ; rdfs:subPropertyOf :hasSomeId .
:hasSomeId a owl:DatatypeProperty .
:hasHusband a owl:ObjectProperty ; owl:inverseOf :hasWife .
:hasWife a owl:ObjectProperty .
:Man a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :Human .
:Woman a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :Human .
:Human a owl:Class .
:Homer a owl:NamedIndividual , :Man ; :hasSomeId "Homer_ID1_SomeID" .
:Marge a owl:NamedIndividual , :Woman ; :hasApprovedId "Marge_ID1_Approved" ;
:hasHusband :Homer .

18. Testing Reasoning in Jena Application Heading
package testreasoners; import java.io.FileNotFoundException; import java.io.FileOutputStream; import java.io.InputStream; import java.io.OutputStream; import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.Collections; import java.util.List; import org.apache.jena.ontology.OntModel; import org.apache.jena.ontology.OntModelSpec; import org.apache.jena.rdf.model.Model; import org.apache.jena.rdf.model.ModelFactory; import org.apache.jena.rdf.model.Property; import org.apache.jena.rdf.model.RDFNode; import org.apache.jena.rdf.model.Resource; import org.apache.jena.rdf.model.Statement; import org.apache.jena.rdf.model.StmtIterator; import org.apache.jena.util.FileManager;

19. Testing Reasoning in Jena Method Overview
public class TestReasoners { private static String inputFileName = "InferenceTest__InputFile.ttl"; private static String outputFileName = "InferenceTest__OutputFile.ttl"; public static void main(String[] args){ … } public static List<String> getSortedTriples(Model model){ … } public static OntModel readFile(OntModelSpec ontModelSpec){ … } }

20. Testing Reasoning in Jena readFile - Method
public static OntModel readFile(OntModelSpec ontModelSpec){ OntModel ontModel = ModelFactory.createOntologyModel(ontModelSpec); InputStream in = FileManager.get().open( inputFileName ); if (in == null) { System.out.println("File: " + inputFileName + " not found"); System.exit(1); } // read the Turtle file ontModel.read(in, null, "Turtle"); //ontModel.write(System.out, "Turtle"); return ontModel;

21. Testing Reasoning in Jena getSortedTriples- Method
public static List<String> getSortedTriples(Model model){ List<String> triples = new ArrayList<String>(); StmtIterator iter = model.listStatements(); String format = "%-20s"; String defaultNamespace = model.getNsPrefixMap().get(""); if (defaultNamespace == null) return triples;

22. while (iter. hasNext()) { Statement stmt = iter
while (iter.hasNext()) { Statement stmt = iter.nextStatement(); // get next statement Resource subject = stmt.getSubject(); // get the subject String namespace = subject.getNameSpace(); if (namespace == null || !namespace.equals(defaultNamespace)) continue; Property predicate = stmt.getPredicate(); // get the predicate RDFNode object = stmt.getObject(); // get the object String tripleAsString = String.format(format, subject.getLocalName().toString()); tripleAsString = tripleAsString + String.format(format, predicate.getLocalName().toString()); if (object instanceof Resource) { tripleAsString = tripleAsString + object.asResource().getLocalName().toString() + " ."; } else { // object is a literal tripleAsString = tripleAsString + " \"" + object.toString() + "\"" + " ."; } triples.add(tripleAsString); Collections.sort(triples); return triples; }

23. public static void main(String[] args){ OntModel model_OWL_DL_MEM = readFile(OntModelSpec.OWL_DL_MEM); List<String> triples_OWL_DL_MEM = getSortedTriples(model_OWL_DL_MEM); System.out.println("Triple found in model_OWL_DL_MEM"); System.out.println(" "); for (String oneTriple : triples_OWL_DL_MEM) System.out.println(oneTriple); System.out.println(" \n"); model_OWL_DL_MEM.close(); …

24. Triple found in model_OWL_DL_MEM. Homer hasSomeId "Homer_ID1_SomeID"
Triple found in model_OWL_DL_MEM Homer hasSomeId "Homer_ID1_SomeID" . Homer type Man . Homer type NamedIndividual . Human type Class . Man subClassOf Human . Man type Class . Marge hasApprovedId "Marge_ID1_Approved" . Marge hasHusband Homer . Marge type NamedIndividual . Marge type Woman . Woman subClassOf Human . Woman type Class . hasApprovedId subPropertyOf hasSomeId . hasApprovedId type DatatypeProperty . hasHusband inverseOf hasWife . hasHusband type ObjectProperty . hasSomeId type DatatypeProperty . hasWife type ObjectProperty .

25. OntModel model_OWL_DL_MEM_RDFS_INF = readFile(OntModelSpec
OntModel model_OWL_DL_MEM_RDFS_INF = readFile(OntModelSpec.OWL_DL_MEM_RDFS_INF); List<String> triples_OWL_DL_MEM_RDFS_INF = getSortedTriples(model_OWL_DL_MEM_RDFS_INF); System.out.println("Triple found in model_OWL_DL_MEM_RDFS_INF"); System.out.println(" "); for (String oneTriple : triples_OWL_DL_MEM_RDFS_INF) { System.out.println(oneTriple); } System.out.println(" \n"); model_OWL_DL_MEM_RDFS_INF.close();

26. Triple found in model_OWL_DL_MEM_RDFS_INF
Triple found in model_OWL_DL_MEM_RDFS_INF Homer hasSomeId "Homer_ID1_SomeID" . Homer type Human . Homer type Man . Homer type NamedIndividual . Human subClassOf Human . Human type Class . Human type Resource . Man subClassOf Human . Man subClassOf Man . Man type Class . Man type Resource . Marge hasApprovedId "Marge_ID1_Approved" . Marge hasHusband Homer . Marge hasSomeId "Marge_ID1_Approved" . Marge type Human . Marge type NamedIndividual . Marge type Woman .

27. Woman subClassOf Human. Woman subClassOf Woman. Woman type Class
Woman subClassOf Human . Woman subClassOf Woman . Woman type Class . Woman type Resource . hasApprovedId subPropertyOf hasApprovedId . hasApprovedId subPropertyOf hasSomeId . hasApprovedId type DatatypeProperty . hasApprovedId type Property . hasApprovedId type Resource . hasHusband inverseOf hasWife . hasHusband type ObjectProperty . hasSomeId subPropertyOf hasSomeId . hasSomeId type DatatypeProperty . hasSomeId type Property . hasSomeId type Resource . hasWife type ObjectProperty

28. OntModel model_OWL_DL_MEM_RULE_INF = readFile(OntModelSpec
OntModel model_OWL_DL_MEM_RULE_INF = readFile(OntModelSpec.OWL_DL_MEM_RULE_INF); List<String> triples_OWL_DL_MEM_RULE_INF = getSortedTriples(model_OWL_DL_MEM_RULE_INF); System.out.println("Triple found in model_OWL_DL_MEM_RULE_INF"); System.out.println(" "); for (String oneTriple : triples_OWL_DL_MEM_RULE_INF) System.out.println(oneTriple); System.out.println(" \n"); try { OutputStream outFile = new FileOutputStream(outputFileName); model_OWL_DL_MEM_RULE_INF.write(outFile,"Turtle"); } catch (FileNotFoundException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } model_OWL_DL_MEM_RULE_INF.close();

29. Triple found in model_OWL_DL_MEM_RULE_INF
Triple found in model_OWL_DL_MEM_RULE_INF Homer hasSomeId "Homer_ID1_SomeID" . Homer hasWife Marge . Homer sameAs Homer . Homer type Human . Homer type Man . Homer type NamedIndividual . Homer type Resource . Homer type Thing . Human equivalentClass Human . Human subClassOf Human . Human subClassOf Resource . Human subClassOf Thing . Human type Class . Human type Resource .

30. Man equivalentClass Man. Man subClassOf Human. Man subClassOf Man
Man equivalentClass Man . Man subClassOf Human . Man subClassOf Man . Man subClassOf Resource . Man subClassOf Thing . Man type Class . Man type Resource . Marge hasApprovedId "Marge_ID1_Approved" . Marge hasHusband Homer . Marge hasSomeId "Marge_ID1_Approved" . Marge sameAs Marge . Marge type Human . Marge type NamedIndividual . Marge type Resource . Marge type Thing . Marge type Woman .

31. Woman equivalentClass Woman. Woman subClassOf Human
Woman equivalentClass Woman . Woman subClassOf Human . Woman subClassOf Resource . Woman subClassOf Thing . Woman subClassOf Woman . Woman type Class . Woman type Resource . hasApprovedId subPropertyOf hasApprovedId . hasApprovedId subPropertyOf hasSomeId . hasApprovedId type DatatypeProperty . hasApprovedId type Property . hasApprovedId type Resource .

32. hasHusband domain Resource. hasHusband domain Thing
hasHusband domain Resource . hasHusband domain Thing . hasHusband inverseOf hasWife . hasHusband range Resource . hasHusband range Thing . hasHusband subPropertyOf hasHusband . hasHusband type ObjectProperty . hasHusband type Property . hasHusband type Resource . hasSomeId subPropertyOf hasSomeId . hasSomeId type DatatypeProperty . hasSomeId type Property . hasSomeId type Resource .

33. hasWife domain Resource. hasWife domain Thing
hasWife domain Resource . hasWife domain Thing . hasWife inverseOf hasHusband . hasWife range Resource . hasWife range Thing . hasWife subPropertyOf hasWife . hasWife type ObjectProperty . hasWife type Property . hasWife type Resource