1. Cells: Structures and Processes
5th Grade

2. The BIG Idea
All living things are composed of cells; in complex organisms, groups of cells form complex structures that work together for the survival of the organism.
Have students read slide.

3. Objectives All living things are made up of cells
Structure of cells (both plant and animal)
- Cell membrane: selectively allows substances in and out
- Nucleus: surrounded by nuclear membrane, contains genetic materials, divides for reproduction
- Cytoplasm contains organelles, small structures that carry out the chemical activities of the cell, including mitochondria (which produce the cell;s energy) and vacuoles (which store food, water, or waste).
Have students read slide.

4. Plant cells, unlike animal cells, have cell walls and chloroplasts.
Objectives
Plant cells, unlike animal cells, have cell walls and chloroplasts.
Cells without nuclei: monerans (bacteria)
Some organisms consist of only a single cell: for example, amoeba, protozoans, some algae.
Have students read slide.

5. Objectives
Cells are shaped differently in order to perform different functions.
Organization of cells into tissues, organs, and systems
- In complex organisms, groups of cells form tissues (In animals – skin, muscle, In plants – skin of onion, bark of tree).
- Tissues with similar functions form organs (heart, brain, root, flower)
- In complex organisms, organs work together in a system (digestive, circulatory).
Have students read slide.

6. All living things are made up of cells.
Objective 1
All living things are made up of cells.
Read slide

7. Objective 2 Eukaryotic Cells Prokaryotic Cells
Cells in human beings and other multicellular animals are eukaryotic cells.
Plant cells are also eukaryotic cells.
Single celled organisms and are also known as moneran.
Example: bacteria
Biologists divide all cells into two types, prokaryotic and eukaryotic. The most basic difference between the two types is that a prokaryotic cell does not have a nucleus, whereas a eukaryotic does. Organisms made up of eukaryotic cells are called eukaryotes. Organisms made up of prokaryotic cells are called prokaryotes.

8. Objective 2
Structure of Animal cell
Structure of Plant cell
Show pictures and have students raise there hands to answer the question.
What are some of the similarities and differences of these two types of cells?

9. Objective 2 a,b,c – Animal Cell
Cells in human beings and other multicellular animals are eukaryotic cells.
Some common features of an animal cell are located in the picture to the right.

10. Different Cells

12. Objective 2 a,b,c – Animal Cell
The cell membrane – is a layer of molecules that surrounds the cell, keeping it separate from the external environment and controlling the passages of substances into and out of the cell.
Read Slide
- Add: the cell membrane is composed mainly of phospholipids, or fatty compounds, carbohydrates, and proteins.

13. Objective 2 a,b,c – Animal Cell
- Inside the cell membrane is a jellylike substance called cytoplasm. - This contains organelles that carry out the chemical activities of the cell.
Read Slide

14. Objective 2 a,b,c – Animal Cell
One of the most important organelles in an animal cell is the nucleus.
Is like the Cell’s brain
It contains all of the information the cell needs to do specific jobs, grow and divide.
It contains the DNA molecules.
Read Slide
- Add: The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope, or the nuclear membrane. Each membrane consists of a lipid bilayer with proteins.

16. Objective 2 a,b,c – Animal Cell
Produce the energy for the cell.
Also known as the “powerhouse of the cell”.
Has a highly folded inner membrane (cristae).
Read Slide

18. Objective 2 a,b,c – Animal Cell
Vacuoles
- A sac of fluid surrounded by a membrane used to store food, fluid, or waste products.
Read Slide

19. Objective 2 a,b,c – Plant Cell
They contain all of the features of animal cells just noted, plus some additional features.
Read Slide

20. Objective 3 – Plant Cell Chloroplasts
food for plant cells is made here
Transforms light energy into chemical energy which is stored in food molecules.
Contain chlorophyll – a green pigment that traps light energy and gives plants their green color.
Read Slide
- Add: Chloroplasts are surrounded by a double membrane and contain molecules of enzymes and pigments. The process by which this is accomplished is called Photosynthesis.

21. Objective 3 – Plant Cell shapes and supports a plant cell Cell Wall
Surrounds the plasma membrane of the cells of plants, bacteria, and fungi.
Read Slide
- Add: Cell walls are composed of a type of carbohydrate called cellulose – fibrous glucose molecules bundled together.

22. Click to go to Venn Diagram

23. Objective 4 – Prokaryotic Cells
Also known as the moneran.
Prokaryotic cells have neither a defined nucleus nor the types of organelles that eukaryotic cells have.
Unicellular, or single celled.
Read Slide
Add: In a prokaryote, the outer plasma membrane encloses a single compartment, and contains few or no separate organelles. Also, the DNA cannot be held in the nucleus, so it floats about in the cytoplasm. Prokaryotes are almost always unicellular. Each prokaryote cell is typically a complete, individual organism.
Some prokaryotes have whip-like projections called flagella that they can flap to move around.
Prokaryotes include bacteria and cyanobacteria also known as blue algae. Bacteria are able to live in virtually every environment in Earth. Some bacteria have chloroplasts and photosynthesize, while others break down inorganic molecules as an energy source, but most bacteria derive nutrients from the remains of other organisms.

24. Objective 5 – Single Cell
Some organisms consist of only a single cell: for example –
Amoeba
Protozoans
some algae.
Read Slide

25. Objective 6 – Shapes
Cells are shaped differently in order to perform different functions.
Read Slide

26. Objective 7 a,b,c – Organization
Tissues
Groups of cells working together to perform a specialized activity are known as tissues.
Read Slide
-Add: Several Kinds of tissue can be distinguished, as each tissue consists of a particular kind of cell held together by a surrounding matrix. Epithelial tissue covers the surface as and linings of organs. Your skin is composed largely of epithelial tissue. If you have ever had a sunburn, you may have experienced the peeling of the outermost layer. The cells in this layer of tissue have tied and are continually being replaced by new cell tissue beneath.

27. Objective 7 a,b,c – Organization
Muscle Tissues
Come in three different types:
Read Slide
-Add: cardiac muscle is found in your heart; smooth muscle is found in other organs, such as in intestinal walls and blood vessels; and skeletal muscle is attached to the bones and allows your bones to move. Most meats used for food are skeletal muscle tissue.

28. Objective 7 a,b,c – Organization
Plant Tissues
The function of many plant tissues is to strengthen and support the plant.
Read Slide
-Add:

29. Objective 7 a,b,c – Organization
Plant Tissues
Read Slide
-Add: Bark is formed from tissues made of thick-walled, toughened cells. When these cells mature, they die and leave behind the tough cell walls. An onion bulb is a bud with a short stem and modified compacted leaves for food storage, with epithelial tissue between each leaf.

30. Objective 7 a,b,c – Organization
Organs
Are structures of combined tissues that perform a common task
Read Slide
-Add:

31. Objective 7 a,b,c – Organization
Organs
Are structures of combined tissues that perform a common task
NOT THAT TYPE OF ORGAN!
Read Slide
-Add: In complex animals, the heart is an organ composed of cardiac muscle tissues. The stomach is made of smooth muscle tissues with types of digestive enzymes. The brain is composed of tissue masses of nerve cells that function to receive and transmit information to other parts of the body. Fluids circulate through the inner layers

32. Objective 7 a,b,c – Organization
Plant Organs
Plants have organs, too. One plant organ is the root.
Read Slide
-Add: Roots have tissues that are able to conduct water and nutrients from the soil to other parts of the plant. Flowers are the reproductive organs of some plants, consisting of tissues that function to assist in the fertilization of egg and sperm cells into a seed.

33. Objective 7 a,b,c – Organization
System
Organ systems are formed when two or more organs interact to assist in the entire organism’s survival.
Read Slide
-Add: For example, your digestive system consists of several organs (stomach, large and small intestines, etc.) that work to break down food into simple molecules that can then be used by individual cells of your body. Your circulatory system consists primarily of the heart, a network of blood vessels, and blood, which transports materials to and from cells all over your body, and helps regulate body temperature. Your respiratory system provides oxygen to your body and eliminates carbon dioxide waste; your lungs exchange these gases through your blood.
Ask: What else can you tell me about these systems that you have learned about in other grades?