1. Leadership
Women and Leadership

2. Women and Leadership Gender and Leadership
Historical View
Gender and Leadership
Popular press reported differences between women and men -
Women inferior to men (1977)
Women lacked skills & traits necessary for managerial success
Superiority of women in leadership positions (1990)
Researchers ignored issues related to gender & leadership until the 1970s

3. Women and Leadership Gender and Leadership Historical View
Scholars started asking “Can women lead?”
Changed by women in leadership
Presence of women in corporate & political leadership
Highly effective female leaders – eBay’s CEO, Avon’s CEO, N.Y. Senator, Secretary of State, etc.
Current research primary questions
“What are the leadership style and effectiveness differences between women and men?”
“Why are women starkly underrepresented in elite leadership roles?”

4. Gender and Leadership Styles
Women were devalued when they worked in male-dominated environments and when the evaluators were men
Females evaluated unfavorably when they used a directive or autocratic style (stereotypically male)
Female and male leaders evaluated favorably when they used a democratic leadership style (stereotypically feminine)

5. Gender and Leadership Effectiveness
Women were
less effective than men in military positions
more effective than men in education, government, and social service organizations

6. The Glass Ceiling Turned Labyrinth
Evidence of the Leadership Labyrinth
Women
currently occupy more than half of all management and professional positions %
make up nearly half of the U.S. labor force %
Still underrepresented in upper echelons of America’s corporations & political system
earn nearly 60% of bachelor’s and master’s degrees

7. The Glass Ceiling Turned Labyrinth
Evidence of the Leadership Labyrinth
Women in Politics
90 of the 535 seats in the U.S. Congress %
17% in the Senate
16.48 in the House of Representatives
women of color occupy just 20 seats - 3.7%
World average of women’s representation in national legislatures or parliaments is 18.4% with the United States ranked 71st out of 188 countries

8. The Leadership Gap
Invisible barrier preventing women from ascending into elite leadership
positions –
commonly called the glass ceiling

9. Motives for Removing the Barriers
Leadership Gap is a global phenomenon
women are disproportionately concentrated in lower-level & lower-authority leadership positions than men
encompasses ethnic and racial minorities as well
Important motivations
fulfill promise of equal opportunity
find the most talented & richly diverse group of women
gender diversity associated with greater group productivity, leads to increases in organizations financial performance
as the number of women at the top increases, so does financial success

10. Explaining the Leadership Gap
Women’s under representation in high-level leadership positions revolve around three types of explanations

11. Understanding the Labyrinth
Gender Differences
Women
show the same level of identification with & commitment to paid employment roles as men
are less likely to promote themselves for leadership positions than men
were less likely than men to emerge as group leaders, more likely to serve as social facilitators

12. The Leadership Gap Explanation for the leadership gap
Prejudice
Explanation for the leadership gap
gender bias stemming from stereotyped expectations – “women take care and men take charge”

13. Navigating the Labyrinth
Factors contributing to leadership effectiveness & rise of female leaders
Culture of many organizations is changing
Gendered work assumptions are being challenged
Organizations valuing flexible workers & diversity of top managers & leaders
Developing effective & supportive mentoring relationships
Greater negotiation power for women
Effectiveness and predominance of women owned businesses

14. The Future?
21st century will be an era of femininity and women can have far greater opportunity in social, political, and commercial endeavors.
If men were well suited for the industrial era, women are well suited for in Information-oriented era.
National development will be a function of how effectively woman power is applied and will depend on how well administrative systems are organized to utilize this potential.
Number of seats held by women in national legislative bodies is important element to make the best use of this potential power.
Women’s participation in politics, business, and social activities are important.
What are the necessary changes needed in laws and social system?

15. Women’s Political Participation in the World
Since the 4th Beijing World Conference on Women in 1995, the expansion of women’s political participation has been a worldwide trend.
Big changes are still being made in the northern part of Europe as well as in Arab and Asia-Pacific countries.

16. <Table 2> Women in Parliaments: World classification (30 Nov
(Unit: pers %)
Rank
Country
Total seats
Women in Parliaments
Ratio(%) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Rwanda
Sweden
Norway
Finland
Denmark
Netherlands
Cuba
Spain
Costa Rica
Mozambique
Belgium
Austria
Iceland
South Africa
New Zealand 80
349
169
200
179
150
609
350 57
250
183 63
400
121 39
158 64 75 66 55
219
126 20 87 52 62 21
131
48.8
45.3
37.9
37.5
36.9
36.7
36.0
35.1
34.8
34.7
33.9
33.3
32.8
32.2

17. <Table 2> Women in Parliaments: World classification (30 Nov
(Unit: pers %)
Rank
Country
Total seats
Women in Parliaments
Ratio(%) 17 18 20 26 37 42 47 49 66 69 73 81 85
102
Guyana
Burundi
Belarus
Switzerland
Republic of Moldova
Canada
China
Bahamas UK
USA
Sudan
South Korea
France
Italy
Japan 65
118
110
200
101
308
2980 40
646
435
450
299
574
616
480 36 32 50 22
604 8
127 70 71 43
30.8
30.5
29.1
25.0
21.8
21.1
20.3
20.0
19.7
15.2
14.7
13.4
12.2
11.5
9.0
**Source: IPU,
Women in National Parliaments: World Classification (Nov. 2005, IPU)

18. Women face countless difficulties in their attempt
to become legislators
Problem
Reasons
Dearth of women who wish
to take part in politics
Politics is considered to be men’s realm
Patriarchal culture
Traditionally women were excluded
from high positions
Cultural
factors
Social division of gender roles
legitimized by religious doctrine
and practice acted to curb
female potential
Religion
Modern military state
Women were excluded from public
activities in the military culture

19. Lack of experienced
women
Most women have been forced to
have “feminine” occupations and
it is hard to enter in politics trough
such occupations
Woman’s family
responsibility
It is often hard to juggle time and
energy between family and politics
Nomination is conducted through
a ‘closed’ decision cycle and too often,
through unfair methods that
discriminate women candidates
Unfair party nomination
process
Procedural
factor
Small election district majority system
is unfavorable for women
Election system
There are problems associated with
the generation of funds and the
establishment of effective organizations
during election campaigns
Election campaigns

20. Conclusion
Future society will not progress without making the best use of its women. Not doing so is like running a race with only one leg or thinking with only half a brain.
Women’s active political participation will improve dramatically the current politics. Once women’s participation reaches parity, the traditional male centered politics characterized by authority, domination and sometimes corruption and violence will yield to politics that is characterized by love, caring, cooperation, sacrifice and honesty.