1. Warm-Up: 3-9-17 Write this down. Collected on Friday
Historians today often use 1450 to mark the beginning of the early modern era in world history. Some key events around that time include the beginning of the Ottoman Empire and the printing of the Gutenberg Bible using movable type, which signaled a revolution in printing and learning. The dominance of the Indian Ocean trade ended about 1450, and the era of European exploration marked a shift to a period of truly global interaction and Western dominance that still continues. Some historians point to 1492, the beginning of the Columbian Exchange, or more broadly to the year 1500 as the turning point. Other cite the rise of Genghis Khan in 1206 as a turning point, considering the effects of Mongol rule across much of Asia.
1. What do you believe? Which of the above periods of time mark a turning point in World History? Explain using the “Rule of 3”

2. Todays Schedule
- Warm-Up - Introduction of Ch23- Group Summaries & Global/Local Comparison Sheet
- Lecture- Chapter 23 Global Trade Routes Organizer
Independent Activity: Chapter 23 Lecture Notes
Homework: Guided Reading Ch24 due Thursday

3. Group Sections Infographic
Motives for Exploration: Page – Josh M. & Mackenzie S.
Technology of Exploration: Page – Ja’Maal B. & Morgan B.
Mediterranean to the Atlantic: Page – KeAna C, & Dontre K.
Atlantic to the Pacific: Page Nikeema A. & Justin A.
Portuguese Trading Posts: Page – Steffi W. & Philip D.
English and Dutch Trading Posts: Page Janee Q. & MeAziah W
European Conquests in SE Asia: Page – Emily B. & Fortunate D.
Russian Empire in Asia: Page – Marie K. & Arion A.
Rivalries and the Seven Years War: Page – Trevor G. & Taylor P.
The Columbian Exchange: Page Cayla J. & Hunter K. & Ryan C.

4. Group Sections Chapter 23 Review
Motives for Exploration: Page – Natalie Anderson
Technology of Exploration: Page – Daniel Garcia
Mediterranean to the Atlantic: Page – Madison Rolf
Atlantic to the Pacific: Page Connor McCroy
Portuguese Trading Posts: Page – Isabel Hill
English and Dutch Trading Posts: Page Jess Schauber & Jon Brohawn
European Conquests in SE Asia: Page – Robert Windsor
Russian Empire in Asia: Page – Micah Slacum & Austin Willey
Rivalries & Seven Years War: Page – Meghan Kelly & Allison Loeffler
The Columbian Exchange: Page Allison Fitzhugh & Leah Krotee

5. Exploration & Colonization
AP World History

6. Motives for European Exploration
Desire to gain direct access to Asian luxuries
Collapse of Mongols increased price of goods
Avoid dealing with Muslim merchants
Gain lands suitable for growing cash crops
Portugal had poor quality soil
Started by colonizing the Azores, the Madeiras, & the Canaries
Spread Christianity

7. Technology of Exploration
From China
Stern Rudder
Magnetic Compass
From Islam
Lateen Sail
the Astrolabe
Caravels

8. Notable Explorers Portugal Spain England Prince Henry the Navigator
Bartolomeu Dias
Vasco da Gama
Spain
Christopher Columbus
Ferdinand Magellan
England
Captain James Cook

9. Major Expeditions

10. Spanish Empire

11. Conquest of New Spain Hernan Cortes conquered Aztecs in 1521
600 Spanish soldiers
Francisco Pizarro conquered the Inca in 1533
Fewer than 200 Spanish soldiers
Why?
God, gold, and glory
How?
Guns, germs, and steel

12. Impact of Smallpox on the New World

13. Economy of New Spain Agriculture Mining Haciendas Plantations
Silver the “Heart of the Empire”
Gold
Used coercive labor
Indian slaves, encomiendas, mita
Encomiendas - a grant by the Spanish Crown to a colonist in America conferring the right to demand tribute and forced labor from the Indian inhabitants of an area. (First used by the Christians on the Muslims and Jews during the Reconquista of Muslim Spain.
Mit'a (Quechua pronunciation: [ˈmɪˌtʼa]) was mandatory public service in the society of the Inca Empire. Historians use the hispanicized term mita to differentiate the system as it was modified and intensified by the Spanish colonial government, creating the encomienda system.
Less than 50% of silver remained in Spain
At no point did American treasure imports make up more than 25% of Spain’s national revenue
Spanish government occasionally went bankrupt

14. Government of New Spain
New Spain controlled by bureaucracy
Council of Indies
Two Viceroyalties (Mexico City & Lima)
Ten Audiencias
Make and enforce Spanish law
Local magistrates applied the law, collected taxes, and assigned work required of Indian communities
Treaty of Tordesillas
Divided the world between Spain & Portugal
New Spain - a colonial territory of the Spanish Empire, in the New World north of the Isthmus of Panama. It was established following the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire in 1521, and following additional conquests, it was made a viceroyalty in 1535
-  Mexico, Central America, much of the Southwestern and Central United States, and Spanish Florida as well as the Philippines, Guam, Mariana and Caroline Islands.
- Named a Viceroy of Spain – appointed to rule on behave of Spain
Audiencias – Spanish Court
Treaty of Tordesillas - June 7, divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between Portugal and Spain

15. Spanish Culture Catholic Church dominates Poetry
Widespread conversion of the Indians by Jesuits
Bartolomé de Las Casas
Constructed baroque cathedrals
Religious schools and universities
Poetry
Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz ( )
Bartolomé de Las Casas - early Spanish historian and Dominican missionary who was the first to expose the oppression of native peoples by Europeans in the Americas and to call for the abolition of slavery there.
Baroque Cathedrals -  is the building style of the Baroque era, begun in late 16th-century Italy, that took the Roman vocabulary of Renaissance architecture and used it in a new rhetorical and theatrical fashion, often to express the triumph of the Catholic Church and the absolutist state.
Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz - Considered to be Mexico's first feminist. Widely documented that she knew how to read at three years old and sought out her Grand-Fathers library and read all 3,000 volumes. Juana's scholarly pursuits included the study of poetry and learning to speak Latin fluently. She reportedly mastered the language after receiving just 20 lessons. Juana didn't limit her writings to topics related to religious matters. On the contrary, many of her works were love poems and plays of passion. This was quite unusual for a woman altogether but for a nun, her choice of subject matter aroused the wrath of many who were in power. As well, Juana was known to comment on matters theological, which in turn, incited those in authority to condemn her audacity. Women in Colonial Mexico were not culturally supported to express their own opinions. It wasn't long before her words and her personage incited an angry response. One of Juana's famous literary pieces entitled 'Hombres Necios' (Foolish Men) is a classic work.
Cathedral de Mexico built in stages between

16. Sociedad de Castas Peninsulares Creoles Mestizos Mulattos
Native Indians
Black Slaves

17. Portuguese Empire

18. Portuguese Colonization in Asia
Portuguese use force to enter Asian trade markets
Forced East Africa and Asia to pay tribute
Conquered “choke points”
Ormuz, Goa, Malacca, & other areas
Control did not last long
Overextended and Indian Ocean was too large
Not enough people
Dutch and English rivals
Choke Point – a military strategy normally a geographical feature on land such as a valley, manmade structure a bridge, or at sea a strait, which an armed force is forced to pass greatly decreasing its combat power.
Dutch and English rivals - The Anglo-Dutch wars (England, Dutch, Great Britain) periods of war between & , for the control of trade routes and colonies. Many naval battles most of which were drawn.

19. Portuguese Brazil
Minor Portuguese nobles given strips of land to colonize and develop
Feudalism meets commercial agriculture
Sugar plantations using Indian, then African slaves
Portugal’s most important colony by 1700
Government established a bureaucratic structure with a royal governor
Bureaucrats were born and educated in Portugal
Brazil never had a university or printing presses
Jesuits converted most natives to Christianity
Colonial Brazil – Slaves especially brought from Africa, provided most of the working force of the Brazilian export economy after a brief period of Indian slavery. Brazil remained a single administrative until with a monarch giving rise to largest country in Latin America.
Brazils Sugar Age – With the development of sugar plantation slavery, merchants serving as middle men between production sites and Brazilian ports, was changed when Europeans seized the Caribbean islands in the name of Spain.

20. Portuguese Brazil
Brazil dominated world sugar production in the 17th century
150 sugar plantations in 1600; 300 by 1630
By 1700, 150,000 slaves worked on plantations
50% of population were slaves
Brazil’s dominance of sugar trade declined in 18th century
Competition from French, English, and Dutch colonies in the Caribbean
Price of slaves increased; price of sugar declined
This happened around the time gold was found in S. Brazil

21. Sugar Plantations in the Americas
CBC Big Sugar 1 of 2 Documentary on the Political History of the Sugar Industry

22. Brazil’s Age of Gold Gold discovered in 1695 Impact of gold
Started a massive gold rush
Mine gold using slaves
150,000 slaves by 1775
Export 3 tons of gold a year from
Impact of gold
Ranching and farming were expanded
Rio de Janeiro became the capital of the colony
No native industries were developed in Portugal

23. Colonization of North America
Backwater Colonies
North America was of moderate interest to Europe
Dutch were more interested in their East Indies colonies
British and French valued their West Indies holdings
Population of British & French North America was far smaller than New Spain
Backwater colonies - A backwater colony was a small,relatively unproductive and unimportant colony located somewhere not seen as particularly important in geostrategic or geo political terms
France surrendered New France to the British after their defeat in the Seven Years’ War ( )

24. British North America Salutary Neglect Very few profitable resources
Fur and timber
Southern cotton & tobacco plantations
Follows Western European forms
Rise of manufacturing and merchant activity
Interest in the Enlightenment
Slaves brought in to work on southern plantations
By 1700, slaves make up 23% of the population
Salutary neglect - An American history term that refers to the seventeenth- and eighteenth-century British Crown policy of avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary laws meant to keep American colonies obedient to England.

25. Colonization of North America
Copy European social structure
Nuclear families
Marry younger than in Europe
Property more readily available
More child centered
Families average 6 children
Low mortality rate
Average life expectancy was 70 years of age

26. Dutch Empire

27. Dutch Colonization

28. Dutch Colonies in Africa & SE Asia
Take Portuguese strongholds in 17th century
Cape of Good Hope, Malacca, etc.
Monopolize certain spices
Cloves, nutmeg, mace, etc.
Shipping proved most profitable
Shipped products between China, Japan, Indonesia, India, etc.
Colonized Java
Treaty of Gijanti in 1757
The Treaty of Giyanti - Reduced the remaining independent Java princes to vassals of the Dutch East India Company; allowed the Dutch to monopolize Java's coffee production.