1. Accuracy & Precision Precision how close the numbers are together.
Accuracy-How close the numbers are to the right number.

2. Nature of Science Is unable to prove that a hypothesis is right
Is able to prove a hypothesis is wrong.

3. Frontier Science (ground breaking)
Produces new ideas which have had less scrutiny.

4. System
An area where there are interactions either chemical or biological.
Closed systems-no outside variables effect it
Few Extraneous variables
In -vitro-
Open system-exposed to the out side.
Lots of extraneous variables

5. A mental model A simplified way of describing interactions.
Tend to use parsimony-the simplest answer is the best
Used to predict events.
Used to predict behavior.
Problems occur when
too many interactions
to few observations
Based on assumptions
Experimental results are slow to be acquired

6. Mathematical models Use equations to predict events. Ex a=9.8m/s2
E=MC2

7. System models
Sources-where something is stored before it enters the system-ex a battery
Inputs-matter or energy entering the system.
Throughputs-energy or matter flowing through the system.
Outputs-energy or matter flowing from the system.
Sink- stored energy or matter at the end of a system.
Sinks may become sources.

8. Feed back Loop
Where one change leads to another which effects the first.
Positive-where one change leads to an increase in the system.
Ex humans
more births=more people=more births.
Industrialization
Green house effect

9. Negative Feedback
Where an increase in the system causes a decrease in the system.
EX hunger=eating=less hunger

10. Energy

11. Heat can be transferred by convection, conduction, or radiation.
Temperature reflects the average speed of motion of atoms, ions, and molecules in a given sample of matter

12. Convection The energy transfer caused by the movement of particles.
Heat rises
Ex the smoke from a chimney

13. Conduction
The heat generated between a liquid or solid substances when in contact.
Ex licking a flagpole in winter
Energy given off to the ground
or the heat given off from your inside walls to your outside walls.

14. radiation
Fast-moving particles (particulate radiation) or waves of energy
Occurs in air
We are radiating this room with heat and radiation

15. Energy quality is a measure of the ability of a source of energy to do useful work.

16. High–quality energy is much more concentrated and efficient than low–quality energy.

17. Two major types of energy are potential energy and kinetic energy.

18. One form of energy can be changed to another.
Ionizing radiation and nonionizing radiation are forms of electromagnetic radiation
Ionizing radiation has enough energy to turn neutral atoms into ions.

19. Energy Efficiency
A measure of the amount of energy that is actually used.
Not wasted
Living organisms are less than 10% efficient
Machines are around 15% efficient.

20. 2nd law of Thermo Entropy
Energy goes from high quality to low-less usable

21. Energy Pathways Transfer of energy from source to another
Each step energy decreases
The type of energy changes Ex
sun growing tree We eat the apples----plant a new tree
Solar energy-Chemical energy- Chemical Mechanical energy
Waste Waste Waste Waste

22. Low throughput economy
Low waste
Recycling energy
Reduce energy use
Insulate houses
More efficient cars
Using low waste heating sources

23. The Natural Cycle 34% of sunlight is reflected into space by the ozone
66% is radiated back as heat
Less then .23% is used for photosynthesis .

24. Ecology The study of where organisms live and how they live
Interactions between animals.
Trophic levels-

25. Predator Prey Producers- -Autotrophs Most common
Generally green-chloroplasts'
Photosynthesizers
90% of all life
Bio mass-90%

26. 1st order Consumers Heterotrophic Less than 10 % of all life
Eat others
Less than 10 % of all life
Consume only producers
Herbivores
90% of energy from plants is wasted

27. 2nd order Consumers Eat 1st order consumers
Less than 1% of all consumers are 2nd order.
Predators /Carnivores /Parasites
90% of the energy in the 1s order consumers is wasted.
Only 1% of the energy from plants is received.

28. Higher Order Consumers
Are not common above 3rd order consumers.
Requires a whole lot of energy along the way.
Most Ecosystems don’t have enough energy to sustain them.

29. In reality, most ecosystem have organisms that exist at multiple different trophic levels.

30. Decomposers Recycle energy Very common
Make environments more efficient.
A type of decomposer is a scavanger